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BPF(4) Device Drivers Manual BPF(4)

bpf — Berkeley Packet Filter

pseudo-device bpfilter

The Berkeley Packet Filter provides a raw interface to data link layers in a protocol-independent fashion. All packets on the network, even those destined for other hosts, are accessible through this mechanism.

The packet filter appears as a character special device, /dev/bpf. After opening the device, the file descriptor must be bound to a specific network interface with the BIOCSETIF ioctl(2). A given interface can be shared between multiple listeners, and the filter underlying each descriptor will see an identical packet stream.

Associated with each open instance of a bpf file is a user-settable packet filter. Whenever a packet is received by an interface, all file descriptors listening on that interface apply their filter. Each descriptor that accepts the packet receives its own copy.

Reads from these files return the next group of packets that have matched the filter. To improve performance, the buffer passed to read must be the same size as the buffers used internally by bpf. This size is returned by the BIOCGBLEN ioctl(2) and can be set with BIOCSBLEN. Note that an individual packet larger than this size is necessarily truncated.

A packet can be sent out on the network by writing to a bpf file descriptor. Each descriptor can also have a user-settable filter for controlling the writes. Only packets matching the filter are sent out of the interface. The writes are unbuffered, meaning only one packet can be processed per write.

Once a descriptor is configured, further changes to the configuration can be prevented using the BIOCLOCK ioctl(2).

The ioctl(2) command codes below are defined in <net/bpf.h>. All commands require these includes:


#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <net/bpf.h>

Additionally, BIOCGETIF and BIOCSETIF require <sys/socket.h> and <net/if.h>.

The (third) argument to the ioctl(2) call should be a pointer to the type indicated.

u_int *
Returns the required buffer length for reads on bpf files.

u_int *
Sets the buffer length for reads on bpf files. The buffer must be set before the file is attached to an interface with BIOCSETIF. If the requested buffer size cannot be accommodated, the closest allowable size will be set and returned in the argument. A read call will result in EINVAL if it is passed a buffer that is not this size.

u_int *
Returns the type of the data link layer underlying the attached interface. EINVAL is returned if no interface has been specified. The device types, prefixed with “DLT_”, are defined in <net/bpf.h>.

struct bpf_dltlist *
Returns an array of the available types of the data link layer underlying the attached interface: 
struct bpf_dltlist {
	u_int bfl_len;
	u_int *bfl_list;
};

The available types are returned in the array pointed to by the bfl_list field while their length in u_int is supplied to the bfl_len field. ENOMEM is returned if there is not enough buffer space and EFAULT is returned if a bad address is encountered. The bfl_len field is modified on return to indicate the actual length in u_int of the array returned. If bfl_list is NULL, the bfl_len field is set to indicate the required length of the array in u_int.

u_int *
Changes the type of the data link layer underlying the attached interface. EINVAL is returned if no interface has been specified or the specified type is not available for the interface.

Forces the interface into promiscuous mode. All packets, not just those destined for the local host, are processed. Since more than one file can be listening on a given interface, a listener that opened its interface non-promiscuously may receive packets promiscuously. This problem can be remedied with an appropriate filter.

The interface remains in promiscuous mode until all files listening promiscuously are closed.

Flushes the buffer of incoming packets and resets the statistics that are returned by BIOCGSTATS.

This ioctl is designed to prevent the security issues associated with an open bpf descriptor in unprivileged programs. Even with dropped privileges, an open bpf descriptor can be abused by a rogue program to listen on any interface on the system, send packets on these interfaces if the descriptor was opened read-write and send signals to arbitrary processes using the signaling mechanism of bpf. By allowing only “known safe” ioctls, the BIOCLOCK ioctl prevents this abuse. The allowable ioctls are BIOCFLUSH, BIOCGBLEN, BIOCGDIRFILT, BIOCGDLT, BIOCGDIRFILT, BIOCGDLTLIST, BIOCGETIF, BIOCGHDRCMPLT, BIOCGRSIG, BIOCGRTIMEOUT, BIOCGSTATS, BIOCIMMEDIATE, BIOCLOCK, BIOCSRTIMEOUT, BIOCSWTIMEOUT, BIOCDWTIMEOUT, BIOCVERSION, TIOCGPGRP, and FIONREAD. Use of any other ioctl is denied with error EPERM. Once a descriptor is locked, it is not possible to unlock it. A process with root privileges is not affected by the lock.

A privileged program can open a bpf device, drop privileges, set the interface, filters and modes on the descriptor, and lock it. Once the descriptor is locked, the system is safe from further abuse through the descriptor. Locking a descriptor does not prevent writes. If the application does not need to send packets through bpf, it can open the device read-only to prevent writing. If sending packets is necessary, a write-filter can be set before locking the descriptor to prevent arbitrary packets from being sent out.

struct ifreq *
Returns the name of the hardware interface that the file is listening on. The name is returned in the ifr_name field of the struct ifreq. All other fields are undefined.

struct ifreq *
Sets the hardware interface associated with the file. This command must be performed before any packets can be read. The device is indicated by name using the ifr_name field of the struct ifreq. Additionally, performs the actions of BIOCFLUSH.

struct timeval *
 
struct timeval *
Sets or gets the read timeout parameter. The timeval specifies the length of time to wait before timing out on a read request. This parameter is initialized to zero by open(2), indicating no timeout.

struct bpf_stat *
Returns the following structure of packet statistics: 
struct bpf_stat {
	u_int bs_recv;
	u_int bs_drop;
};

The fields are:

bs_recv
Number of packets received by the descriptor since opened or reset (including any buffered since the last read call).
bs_drop
Number of packets which were accepted by the filter but dropped by the kernel because of buffer overflows (i.e., the application's reads aren't keeping up with the packet traffic).

u_int *
Enables or disables “immediate mode”, based on the truth value of the argument. When immediate mode is enabled, reads return immediately upon packet reception. Otherwise, a read will block until either the kernel buffer becomes full or a timeout occurs. This is useful for programs like rarpd(8), which must respond to messages in real time. The default for a new file is off.

struct timeval *
 
struct timeval *
 
Sets, gets, or deletes (resets) the wait timeout parameter. The timeval specifies the length of time to wait between receiving a packet and the kernel buffer becoming readable. By default, or when reset, the wait timeout is infinite, meaning the age of packets in the kernel buffer does not make the buffer readable. The maximum wait time that can be set is 5 minutes (300 seconds).

struct bpf_program *
 
struct bpf_program *
Sets the filter program used by the kernel to discard uninteresting packets. An array of instructions and its length are passed in using the following structure: 
struct bpf_program {
	u_int bf_len;
	struct bpf_insn *bf_insns;
};

The filter program is pointed to by the bf_insns field, while its length in units of struct bpf_insn is given by the bf_len field. If BIOCSETF is used, the actions of BIOCFLUSH are also performed.

See section FILTER MACHINE for an explanation of the filter language.

struct bpf_program *
Sets the filter program used by the kernel to filter the packets written to the descriptor before the packets are sent out on the network. See BIOCSETF for a description of the filter program.

Note that the filter operates on the packet data written to the descriptor. If the “header complete” flag is not set, the kernel sets the link-layer source address of the packet after filtering.

struct bpf_version *
Returns the major and minor version numbers of the filter language currently recognized by the kernel. Before installing a filter, applications must check that the current version is compatible with the running kernel. Version numbers are compatible if the major numbers match and the application minor is less than or equal to the kernel minor. The kernel version number is returned in the following structure: 
struct bpf_version {
	u_short bv_major;
	u_short bv_minor;
};

The current version numbers are given by BPF_MAJOR_VERSION and BPF_MINOR_VERSION from <net/bpf.h>. An incompatible filter may result in undefined behavior (most likely, an error returned by ioctl(2) or haphazard packet matching).

u_int *
 
u_int *
Sets or gets the receive signal. This signal will be sent to the process or process group specified by FIOSETOWN. It defaults to SIGIO.

u_int *
 
u_int *
Sets or gets the status of the “header complete” flag. Set to zero if the link level source address should be filled in automatically by the interface output routine. Set to one if the link level source address will be written, as provided, to the wire. This flag is initialized to zero by default.

u_int *
 
u_int *
Sets or gets the “filter drop” action. The supported actions for packets matching the filter are:

Accept and capture
Drop and capture
Drop and do not capture

Packets matching any filter configured to drop packets will be reported to the associated interface so that they can be dropped. The default action is BPF_FILDROP_PASS.

u_int *
 
u_int *
Sets or gets the status of the “direction filter” flag. If non-zero, packets matching the specified direction (either BPF_DIRECTION_IN or BPF_DIRECTION_OUT) will be ignored.

bpf now supports several standard ioctls which allow the user to do asynchronous and/or non-blocking I/O to an open bpf file descriptor.

int *
Returns the number of bytes that are immediately available for reading.

int *
Sets or clears non-blocking I/O. If the argument is non-zero, enable non-blocking I/O. If the argument is zero, disable non-blocking I/O. If non-blocking I/O is enabled, the return value of a read while no data is available will be 0. The non-blocking read behavior is different from performing non-blocking reads on other file descriptors, which will return -1 and set errno to EAGAIN if no data is available. Note: setting this overrides the timeout set by BIOCSRTIMEOUT.

int *
Enables or disables asynchronous I/O. When enabled (argument is non-zero), the process or process group specified by FIOSETOWN will start receiving SIGIO signals when packets arrive. Note that you must perform an FIOSETOWN command in order for this to take effect, as the system will not do it by default. The signal may be changed via BIOCSRSIG.

int *
 
int *
Sets or gets the process or process group (if negative) that should receive SIGIO when packets are available. The signal may be changed using BIOCSRSIG (see above).

The following structure is prepended to each packet returned by read(2):

struct bpf_hdr {
	struct bpf_timeval bh_tstamp;
	u_int32_t	bh_caplen;
	u_int32_t	bh_datalen;
	u_int16_t	bh_hdrlen;
};

The fields, stored in host order, are as follows:

bh_tstamp
Time at which the packet was processed by the packet filter.
bh_caplen
Length of the captured portion of the packet. This is the minimum of the truncation amount specified by the filter and the length of the packet.
bh_datalen
Length of the packet off the wire. This value is independent of the truncation amount specified by the filter.
bh_hdrlen
Length of the BPF header, which may not be equal to sizeof(struct bpf_hdr).

The bh_hdrlen field exists to account for padding between the header and the link level protocol. The purpose here is to guarantee proper alignment of the packet data structures, which is required on alignment-sensitive architectures and improves performance on many other architectures. The packet filter ensures that the bpf_hdr and the network layer header will be word aligned. Suitable precautions must be taken when accessing the link layer protocol fields on alignment restricted machines. (This isn't a problem on an Ethernet, since the type field is a short falling on an even offset, and the addresses are probably accessed in a bytewise fashion).

Additionally, individual packets are padded so that each starts on a word boundary. This requires that an application has some knowledge of how to get from packet to packet. The macro BPF_WORDALIGN is defined in <net/bpf.h> to facilitate this process. It rounds up its argument to the nearest word aligned value (where a word is BPF_ALIGNMENT bytes wide). For example, if p points to the start of a packet, this expression will advance it to the next packet:

p = (char *)p + BPF_WORDALIGN(p->bh_hdrlen + p->bh_caplen);

For the alignment mechanisms to work properly, the buffer passed to read(2) must itself be word aligned. malloc(3) will always return an aligned buffer.

A filter program is an array of instructions with all branches forwardly directed, terminated by a “return” instruction. Each instruction performs some action on the pseudo-machine state, which consists of an accumulator, index register, scratch memory store, and implicit program counter.

The following structure defines the instruction format:

struct bpf_insn {
	u_int16_t	code;
	u_char		jt;
	u_char		jf;
	u_int32_t	k;
};

The k field is used in different ways by different instructions, and the jt and jf fields are used as offsets by the branch instructions. The opcodes are encoded in a semi-hierarchical fashion. There are eight classes of instructions: BPF_LD, BPF_LDX, BPF_ST, BPF_STX, BPF_ALU, BPF_JMP, BPF_RET, and BPF_MISC. Various other mode and operator bits are logically OR'd into the class to give the actual instructions. The classes and modes are defined in <net/bpf.h>. Below are the semantics for each defined bpf instruction. We use the convention that A is the accumulator, X is the index register, P[] packet data, and M[] scratch memory store. P[i:n] gives the data at byte offset “i” in the packet, interpreted as a word (n=4), unsigned halfword (n=2), or unsigned byte (n=1). M[i] gives the i'th word in the scratch memory store, which is only addressed in word units. The memory store is indexed from 0 to BPF_MEMWORDS-1. k, jt, and jf are the corresponding fields in the instruction definition. “len” refers to the length of the packet.

These instructions copy a value into the accumulator. The type of the source operand is specified by an “addressing mode” and can be a constant (BPF_IMM), packet data at a fixed offset (BPF_ABS), packet data at a variable offset (BPF_IND), the packet length (BPF_LEN), a random number (BPF_RND), or a word in the scratch memory store (BPF_MEM). For BPF_IND and BPF_ABS, the data size must be specified as a word (BPF_W), halfword (BPF_H), or byte (BPF_B). The semantics of all recognized BPF_LD instructions follow.

+BPF_W+BPF_ABS
A <- P[k:4]
+BPF_H+BPF_ABS
A <- P[k:2]
+BPF_B+BPF_ABS
A <- P[k:1]
+BPF_W+BPF_IND
A <- P[X+k:4]
+BPF_H+BPF_IND
A <- P[X+k:2]
+BPF_B+BPF_IND
A <- P[X+k:1]
+BPF_W+BPF_LEN
A <- len
+BPF_W+BPF_RND
A <- arc4random()
+BPF_IMM
A <- k
+BPF_MEM
A <- M[k]
These instructions load a value into the index register. Note that the addressing modes are more restricted than those of the accumulator loads, but they include BPF_MSH, a hack for efficiently loading the IP header length.

+BPF_W+BPF_IMM
X <- k
+BPF_W+BPF_MEM
X <- M[k]
+BPF_W+BPF_LEN
X <- len
+BPF_B+BPF_MSH
X <- 4*(P[k:1]&0xf)
This instruction stores the accumulator into the scratch memory. We do not need an addressing mode since there is only one possibility for the destination.

M[k] <- A
This instruction stores the index register in the scratch memory store.

M[k] <- X
The ALU instructions perform operations between the accumulator and index register or constant, and store the result back in the accumulator. For binary operations, a source mode is required (BPF_K or BPF_X).

+BPF_ADD+BPF_K
A <- A + k
+BPF_SUB+BPF_K
A <- A - k
+BPF_MUL+BPF_K
A <- A * k
+BPF_DIV+BPF_K
A <- A / k
+BPF_AND+BPF_K
A <- A & k
+BPF_OR+BPF_K
A <- A | k
+BPF_LSH+BPF_K
A <- A << k
+BPF_RSH+BPF_K
A <- A >> k
+BPF_ADD+BPF_X
A <- A + X
+BPF_SUB+BPF_X
A <- A - X
+BPF_MUL+BPF_X
A <- A * X
+BPF_DIV+BPF_X
A <- A / X
+BPF_AND+BPF_X
A <- A & X
+BPF_OR+BPF_X
A <- A | X
+BPF_LSH+BPF_X
A <- A << X
+BPF_RSH+BPF_X
A <- A >> X
+BPF_NEG
A <- -A
The jump instructions alter flow of control. Conditional jumps compare the accumulator against a constant (BPF_K) or the index register (BPF_X). If the result is true (or non-zero), the true branch is taken, otherwise the false branch is taken. Jump offsets are encoded in 8 bits so the longest jump is 256 instructions. However, the jump always (BPF_JA) opcode uses the 32-bit k field as the offset, allowing arbitrarily distant destinations. All conditionals use unsigned comparison conventions.

+BPF_JA
pc += k
+BPF_JGT+BPF_K
pc += (A > k) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JGE+BPF_K
pc += (A >= k) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K
pc += (A == k) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JSET+BPF_K
pc += (A & k) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JGT+BPF_X
pc += (A > X) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JGE+BPF_X
pc += (A >= X) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JEQ+BPF_X
pc += (A == X) ? jt : jf
+BPF_JSET+BPF_X
pc += (A & X) ? jt : jf
The return instructions terminate the filter program and specify the amount of packet to accept (i.e., they return the truncation amount) or, for the write filter, the maximum acceptable size for the packet (i.e., the packet is dropped if it is larger than the returned amount). A return value of zero indicates that the packet should be ignored/dropped. The return value is either a constant (BPF_K) or the accumulator (BPF_A).

+ BPF_A
Accept A bytes.
+ BPF_K
Accept k bytes.
The miscellaneous category was created for anything that doesn't fit into the above classes, and for any new instructions that might need to be added. Currently, these are the register transfer instructions that copy the index register to the accumulator or vice versa.

+BPF_TAX
X <- A
+BPF_TXA
A <- X

The bpf interface provides the following macros to facilitate array initializers:

BPF_STMT (opcode, operand)

BPF_JUMP (opcode, operand, true_offset, false_offset)

/dev/bpf
bpf device

The following filter is taken from the Reverse ARP daemon. It accepts only Reverse ARP requests.

struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_ABS, 12),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, ETHERTYPE_REVARP, 0, 3),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_ABS, 20),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, REVARP_REQUEST, 0, 1),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, sizeof(struct ether_arp) +
	    sizeof(struct ether_header)),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, 0),
};

This filter accepts only IP packets between host 128.3.112.15 and 128.3.112.35.

struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_ABS, 12),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, ETHERTYPE_IP, 0, 8),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_W+BPF_ABS, 26),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 0x8003700f, 0, 2),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_W+BPF_ABS, 30),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 0x80037023, 3, 4),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 0x80037023, 0, 3),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_W+BPF_ABS, 30),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 0x8003700f, 0, 1),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, (u_int)-1),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, 0),
};

Finally, this filter returns only TCP finger packets. We must parse the IP header to reach the TCP header. The BPF_JSET instruction checks that the IP fragment offset is 0 so we are sure that we have a TCP header.

struct bpf_insn insns[] = {
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_ABS, 12),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, ETHERTYPE_IP, 0, 10),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_B+BPF_ABS, 23),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, IPPROTO_TCP, 0, 8),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_ABS, 20),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JSET+BPF_K, 0x1fff, 6, 0),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LDX+BPF_B+BPF_MSH, 14),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_IND, 14),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 79, 2, 0),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_LD+BPF_H+BPF_IND, 16),
	BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, 79, 0, 1),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, (u_int)-1),
	BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, 0),
};

If the ioctl(2) call fails, errno(2) is set to one of the following values:

[]
The timeout used in a BIOCSRTIMEOUT request is negative.
[]
The timeout used in a BIOCSRTIMEOUT request specified a microsecond value less than zero or greater than or equal to 1 million.
[]
The timeout used in a BIOCSRTIMEOUT request is too large to be represented by an int.

ioctl(2), read(2), select(2), signal(3), MAKEDEV(8), tcpdump(8), arc4random(9)

McCanne, S. and Jacobson, V., The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-level Packet Capture, 1993 Winter USENIX Conference, January 1993.

The Enet packet filter was created in 1980 by Mike Accetta and Rick Rashid at Carnegie-Mellon University. Jeffrey Mogul, at Stanford, ported the code to BSD and continued its development from 1983 on. Since then, it has evolved into the Ultrix Packet Filter at DEC, a STREAMS NIT module under SunOS 4.1, and BPF.

Steve McCanne of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory implemented BPF in Summer 1990. Much of the design is due to Van Jacobson.

The read buffer must be of a fixed size (returned by the BIOCGBLEN ioctl).

A file that does not request promiscuous mode may receive promiscuously received packets as a side effect of another file requesting this mode on the same hardware interface. This could be fixed in the kernel with additional processing overhead. However, we favor the model where all files must assume that the interface is promiscuous, and if so desired, must utilize a filter to reject foreign packets.

August 15, 2024 OpenBSD-7.6