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OPENSSL(1) General Commands Manual OPENSSL(1)

openssl —
OpenSSL command line tool

openssl command [
command_opts
] [
command_args
]

openssl list-standard-commands | list-message-digest-commands | list-cipher-commands | list-cipher-algorithms | list-message-digest-algorithms | list-public-key-algorithms

openssl no-XXX [
arbitrary options
]

OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them.
The openssl program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell. It can be used for

The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands (command in the SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments (command_opts and command_args in the SYNOPSIS).
The pseudo-commands list-standard-commands, list-message-digest-commands, and list-cipher-commands output a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present openssl utility.
The pseudo-commands list-cipher-algorithms and list-message-digest-algorithms list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:
from => to
The pseudo-command list-public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms.
The pseudo-command no-XXX tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If no command named XXX exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints no-XXX; otherwise it returns 1 and prints XXX. In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to stderr. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the openssl program.
Note: no-XXX is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as quit, list-...-commands, or no-XXX itself.

 
 
Parse an ASN.1 sequence.
 
 
Certificate Authority (CA) management.
 
 
Cipher suite description determination.
 
 
Certificate Revocation List (CRL) management.
 
 
CRL to PKCS#7 conversion.
 
 
Message digest calculation.
 
 
Diffie-Hellman parameter management. Obsoleted by dhparam.
 
 
Generation and management of Diffie-Hellman parameters. Superseded by genpkey and pkeyparam.
 
 
DSA data management.
 
 
DSA parameter generation and management. Superseded by genpkey and pkeyparam.
 
 
Elliptic curve (EC) key processing.
 
 
EC parameter manipulation and generation.
 
 
Encoding with ciphers.
 
 
Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.
 
 
Error number to error string conversion.
 
 
Generation of Diffie-Hellman parameters. Obsoleted by dhparam.
 
 
Generation of DSA private key from parameters. Superseded by genpkey and pkey.
 
 
Generation of private keys or parameters.
 
 
Generation of RSA private key. Superseded by genpkey.
 
 
Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.
 
 
Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
 
 
Generation of hashed passwords.
 
 
PKCS#7 data management.
 
 
PKCS#8 data management.
 
 
PKCS#12 data management.
 
 
Public and private key management.
 
 
Public key algorithm parameter management.
 
 
Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
 
 
Generate prime numbers or test numbers for primality.
 
 
Generate pseudo-random bytes.
 
 
PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) management.
 
 
RSA key management.
 
 
RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl.
 
 
This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.
 
 
This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library. It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.
 
 
SSL connection timer.
 
 
SSL session data management.
 
 
S/MIME mail processing.
 
 
Algorithm speed measurement.
 
 
SPKAC printing and generating utility.
 
 
Time stamping authority tool (client/server).
 
 
X.509 certificate verification.
 
 
OpenSSL version information.
 
 
X.509 certificate data management.

 
 
MD2 digest.
 
 
MD4 digest.
 
 
MD5 digest.
 
 
RIPEMD-160 digest.
 
 
SHA digest.
 
 
SHA-1 digest.

| | |
 
|
AES cipher.
Base64 encoding.
| | | |
Blowfish cipher.
|
CAST cipher.
| | |
CAST5 cipher.
| | | | |
 
| |
DES cipher.
| | | | |
Triple DES cipher.
| | | | | |
RC2 cipher.
|
RC4 cipher.

Several commands accept password arguments, typically using -passin and -passout for input and output passwords, respectively. These allow the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no password argument is given and a password is required, then the user is prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off.
 
 
pass:password
The actual password is password. Since the password is visible to utilities (like ps(1) under UNIX) this form should only be used where security is not important.
 
 
env:var
Obtain the password from the environment variable var. Since the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms (e.g. ps(1) under certain UNIX OSes) this option should be used with caution.
 
 
file:path
The first line of path is the password. If the same path argument is supplied to -passin and -passout, then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. path need not refer to a regular file: it could, for example, refer to a device or named pipe.
 
 
fd:number
Read the password from the file descriptor number. This can be used to send the data via a pipe for example.
 
 
stdin
Read the password from standard input.

openssl asn1parse [
-i
] [
-dlimit number
] [
-dump
] [
-genconf file
] [
-genstr str
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM | TXT
] [
-length number
] [
-noout
] [
-offset number
] [
-oid file
] [
-out file
] [
-strparse offset
]
The asn1parse command is a diagnostic utility that can parse ASN.1 structures. It can also be used to extract data from ASN.1 formatted data.
The options are as follows:
 
 
number
Dump the first number bytes of unknown data in hex form.
 
 
Dump unknown data in hex form.
 
 
file, -genstr str
Generate encoded data based on string str, file file, or both using ASN1_generate_nconf(3) format. If only file is present then the string is obtained from the default section using the name “asn1”. The encoded data is passed through the ASN1 parser and printed out as though it came from a file; the contents can thus be examined and written to a file using the -out option.
 
 
Indents the output according to the “depth” of the structures.
 
 
file
The input file; default is standard input.
 
 
DER | PEM | TXT
The input format. DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) is binary format and PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail), the default, is base64-encoded. TXT is plain text.
 
 
number
Number of bytes to parse; default is until end of file.
 
 
Don't output the parsed version of the input file.
 
 
number
Starting offset to begin parsing; default is start of file.
 
 
file
A file containing additional object identifiers (OIDs). The format of this file is described in the ASN1PARSE NOTES section below.
 
 
file
Output file to place the DER-encoded data into. If this option is not present, no encoded data will be output. This is most useful when combined with the -strparse option.
 
 
offset
Parse the content octets of the ASN.1 object starting at offset. This option can be used multiple times to “drill down” into a nested structure.

The output will typically contain lines like this: 
0:d=0  hl=4 l= 681 cons: SEQUENCE 
 
..... 
 
229:d=3  hl=3 l= 141 prim: BIT STRING 
373:d=2  hl=3 l= 162 cons: cont [ 3 ] 
376:d=3  hl=3 l= 159 cons: SEQUENCE 
379:d=4  hl=2 l=  29 cons: SEQUENCE 
381:d=5  hl=2 l=   3 prim: OBJECT        :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier 
386:d=5  hl=2 l=  22 prim: OCTET STRING 
410:d=4  hl=2 l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE 
412:d=5  hl=2 l=   3 prim: OBJECT        :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier 
417:d=5  hl=2 l= 105 prim: OCTET STRING 
524:d=4  hl=2 l=  12 cons: SEQUENCE 
 
.....
This example is part of a self-signed certificate. Each line starts with the offset in decimal. d=XX specifies the current depth. The depth is increased within the scope of any SET or SEQUENCE. hl=XX gives the header length (tag and length octets) of the current type. l=XX gives the length of the content octets.
The -i option can be used to make the output more readable.
Some knowledge of the ASN.1 structure is needed to interpret the output.
In this example, the BIT STRING at offset 229 is the certificate public key. The content octets of this will contain the public key information. This can be examined using the option -strparse 229 to yield: 
    0:d=0  hl=3 l= 137 cons: SEQUENCE 
    3:d=1  hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER           :E5D21E1F5C8D208EA7A2166C7FA 
F9F6BDF2059669C60876DDB70840F1A5AAFA59699FE471F379F1DD6A487E7D5409AB6A88D4A 
9746E24B91D8CF55DB3521015460C8EDE44EE8A4189F7A7BE77D6CD3A9AF2696F486855CF58 
BF0EDF2B4068058C7A947F52548DDF7E15E96B385F86422BEA9064A3EE9 
  135:d=1  hl=2 l=   3 prim: INTEGER           :010001

If an OID (object identifier) is not part of OpenSSL's internal table it will be represented in numerical form (for example 1.2.3.4). The file passed to the -oid option allows additional OIDs to be included. Each line consists of three columns: the first column is the OID in numerical format and should be followed by whitespace. The second column is the “short name” which is a single word followed by whitespace. The final column is the rest of the line and is the “long name”. asn1parse displays the long name. Example:
"1.2.3.4 shortname A long name"

Parse a file:
$ openssl asn1parse -in file.pem
Parse a DER file:
$ openssl asn1parse -inform DER -in file.der

There should be options to change the format of output lines. The output of some ASN.1 types is not well handled (if at all).

openssl ca [
-batch
] [
-cert file
] [
-config file
] [
-crl_CA_compromise time
] [
-crl_compromise time
] [
-crl_hold instruction
] [
-crl_reason reason
] [
-crldays days
] [
-crlexts section
] [
-crlhours hours
] [
-days arg
] [
-enddate date
] [
-engine id
] [
-extensions section
] [
-extfile section
] [
-gencrl
] [
-in file
] [
-infiles
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-keyfile arg
] [
-keyform ENGINE | PEM
] [
-md arg
] [
-msie_hack
] [
-name section
] [
-noemailDN
] [
-notext
] [
-out file
] [
-outdir dir
] [
-passin arg
] [
-policy arg
] [
-preserveDN
] [
-revoke file
] [
-spkac file
] [
-ss_cert file
] [
-startdate date
] [
-status serial
] [
-subj arg
] [
-updatedb
] [
-verbose
]
The ca command is a minimal CA application. It can be used to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate CRLs. It also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status.
The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.

 
 
This sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked and all certificates will be certified automatically.
 
 
file
The CA certificate file.
 
 
file
Specifies the configuration file to use.
 
 
arg
The number of days to certify the certificate for.
 
 
date
This allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause ca to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
section
The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to x509_extensions unless the -extfile option is used). If no extension section is present, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section is present (even if it is empty), then a V3 certificate is created.
 
 
file
An additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from (using the default section unless the -extensions option is also used).
 
 
file
An input file containing a single certificate request to be signed by the CA.
 
 
If present, this should be the last option; all subsequent arguments are assumed to be the names of files containing certificate requests.
 
 
keyfile
The password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. UNIX with the ps(1) utility) this option should be used with caution.
 
 
file
The private key to sign requests with.
 
 
ENGINE | PEM
Private key file format.
 
 
alg
The message digest to use. Possible values include md5 and sha1. This option also applies to CRLs.
 
 
This is a legacy option to make ca work with very old versions of the IE certificate enrollment control “certenr3”. It used UniversalStrings for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs, its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control “Xenroll” does not need this option.
 
 
section
Specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides default_ca in the ca section).
 
 
The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the request DN, however it is good policy just having the e-mail set into the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set, the EMAIL field is removed from the certificate's subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions. The email_in_dn keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.
 
 
Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
 
 
file
The output file to output certificates to. The default is standard output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this file.
 
 
directory
The directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be written to a file consisting of the serial number in hex with “.pem” appended.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
This option defines the CA “policy” to use. This is a section in the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory or match the CA certificate. Check out the CA POLICY FORMAT section for more information.
 
 
Normally, the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set, the order is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their DNs matched the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
 
 
file
A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge, and additional field values to be signed by the CA. See the SPKAC FORMAT section for information on the required format.
 
 
file
A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the CA.
 
 
date
This allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
 
 
serial
Show status of certificate with serial number serial.
 
 
Update database for expired certificates.
 
 
This prints extra details about the operations being performed.

 
 
time
This is the same as -crl_compromise, except the revocation reason is set to CACompromise.
 
 
time
This sets the revocation reason to keyCompromise and the compromise time to time. time should be in GeneralizedTime format, i.e. YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ.
 
 
instruction
This sets the CRL revocation reason code to certificateHold and the hold instruction to instruction which must be an OID. Although any OID can be used, only holdInstructionNone (the use of which is discouraged by RFC 2459), holdInstructionCallIssuer or holdInstructionReject will normally be used.
 
 
reason
Revocation reason, where reason is one of: unspecified, keyCompromise, CACompromise, affiliationChanged, superseded, cessationOfOperation, certificateHold or removeFromCRL. The matching of reason is case insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2. In practice, removeFromCRL is not particularly useful because it is only used in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented.
 
 
num
The number of days before the next CRL is due. This is the days from now to place in the CRL nextUpdate field.
 
 
section
The section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is created; if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are CRL extensions and not CRL entry extensions. It should be noted that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs.
 
 
num
The number of hours before the next CRL is due.
 
 
This option generates a CRL based on information in the index file.
 
 
file
A file containing a certificate to revoke.
 
 
arg
Supersedes the subject name given in the request. The arg must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...; characters may be escaped by ‘\’ (backslash), no spaces are skipped.

The section of the configuration file containing options for ca is found as follows: If the -name command line option is used, then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to be used must be named in the default_ca option of the ca section of the configuration file (or in the default section of the configuration file). Besides default_ca, the following options are read directly from the ca section:
RANDFILE
 
preserve
 
msie_hack
 
With the exception of RANDFILE, this is probably a bug and may change in future releases.
Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line options. Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line, the command line value is used. Where an option is described as mandatory, then it must be present in the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if any) used.
 
 
certificate
The same as -cert. It gives the file containing the CA certificate. Mandatory.
 
 
copy_extensions
Determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled. If set to none or this option is not present, then extensions are ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to copy, then any extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied to the certificate. If set to copyall, then all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present in the certificate it is deleted first. See the CA WARNINGS section before using this option.
The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName.
 
 
crl_extensions
The same as -crlexts.
 
 
crlnumber
A text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex. The CRL number will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is present, it must contain a valid CRL number.
 
 
database
The text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present, though initially it will be empty.
 
 
default_crl_hours, default_crl_days
The same as the -crlhours and -crldays options. These will only be used if neither command line option is present. At least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
 
 
default_days
The same as the -days option. The number of days to certify a certificate for.
 
 
default_enddate
The same as the -enddate option. Either this option or default_days (or the command line equivalents) must be present.
 
 
default_md
The same as the -md option. The message digest to use. Mandatory.
 
 
default_startdate
The same as the -startdate option. The start date to certify a certificate for. If not set, the current time is used.
 
 
email_in_dn
The same as -noemailDN. If the EMAIL field is to be removed from the DN of the certificate, simply set this to “no”. If not present, the default is to allow for the EMAIL field in the certificate's DN.
 
 
msie_hack
The same as -msie_hack.
 
 
name_opt, cert_opt
These options allow the format used to display the certificate details when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by the x509 utilities' -nameopt and -certopt switches can be used here, except that no_signame and no_sigdump are permanently set and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).
For convenience, the value ca_default is accepted by both to produce a reasonable output.
If neither option is present, the format used in earlier versions of OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is strongly discouraged because it only displays fields mentioned in the policy section, mishandles multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.
 
 
new_certs_dir
The same as the -outdir command line option. It specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
 
 
oid_file
This specifies a file containing additional object identifiers. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by whitespace, then the short name followed by whitespace and finally the long name.
 
 
oid_section
This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by ‘=’ and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used.
 
 
policy
The same as -policy. Mandatory. See the CA POLICY FORMAT section for more information.
 
 
preserve
The same as -preserveDN.
 
 
private_key
Same as the -keyfile option. The file containing the CA private key. Mandatory.
 
 
RANDFILE
A file used to read and write random number seed information, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)).
 
 
serial
A text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory. This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
 
 
unique_subject
If the value yes is given, the valid certificate entries in the database must have unique subjects. If the value no is given, several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject. The default value is yes.
 
 
x509_extensions
The same as -extensions.

The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate DN fields. If the value is “match”, then the field value must match the same field in the CA certificate. If the value is “supplied”, then it must be present. If the value is “optional”, then it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section are silently deleted, unless the -preserveDN option is set, but this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.

The input to the -spkac command line option is a Netscape signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from the KEYGEN tag in an HTML form to create a new private key. It is, however, possible to create SPKACs using the spkac utility.
The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs. If it's necessary to include the same component twice, then it can be preceded by a number and a ‘.’.

Note: these examples assume that the ca directory structure is already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually involves creating a CA certificate and private key with req, a serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in the relevant directories.
To use the sample configuration file below, the directories demoCA, demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The CA certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be created containing, for example, “01” and the empty index file demoCA/index.txt.
Sign a certificate request:
$ openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem
Sign a certificate request, using CA extensions:
$ openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem
Generate a CRL:
$ openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem
Sign several requests:
$ openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
Certify a Netscape SPKAC:
$ openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt
A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity): 
SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK 
CN=Steve Test 
emailAddress=steve@openssl.org 
0.OU=OpenSSL Group 
1.OU=Another Group
A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for ca: 
 [ ca ] 
 default_ca      = CA_default            # The default ca section 
 
 [ CA_default ] 
 
 dir            = ./demoCA              # top dir 
 database       = $dir/index.txt        # index file 
 new_certs_dir  = $dir/newcerts         # new certs dir 
 
 certificate    = $dir/cacert.pem       # The CA cert 
 serial         = $dir/serial           # serial no file 
 private_key    = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key 
 RANDFILE       = $dir/private/.rand    # random number file 
 
 default_days   = 365                   # how long to certify for 
 default_crl_days= 30                   # how long before next CRL 
 default_md     = md5                   # md to use 
 
 policy         = policy_any            # default policy 
 email_in_dn    = no                    # Don't add the email into cert DN 
 
 name_opt        = ca_default           # Subject name display option 
 cert_opt        = ca_default           # Certificate display option 
 copy_extensions = none                 #Don't copy extensions from request 
 
 [ policy_any ] 
 countryName            = supplied 
 stateOrProvinceName    = optional 
 organizationName       = optional 
 organizationalUnitName = optional 
 commonName             = supplied 
 emailAddress           = optional

Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options, configuration file entries, environment variables, or command line options. The values below reflect the default values. 
/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf           - master configuration file 
./demoCA                       - main CA directory 
./demoCA/cacert.pem            - CA certificate 
./demoCA/private/cakey.pem     - CA private key 
./demoCA/serial                - CA serial number file 
./demoCA/serial.old            - CA serial number backup file 
./demoCA/index.txt             - CA text database file 
./demoCA/index.txt.old         - CA text database backup file 
./demoCA/certs                 - certificate output file 
./demoCA/.rnd                  - CA random seed information

OPENSSL_CONF reflects the location of the master configuration file; it can be overridden by the -config command line option.

The text database index file is a critical part of the process, and if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current CRL; however there is no option to do this.
V2 CRL features like delta CRLs are not currently supported.
Although several requests can be input and handled at once, it is only possible to include one SPKAC or self-signed certificate.

The use of an in-memory text database can cause problems when large numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies, the database has to be kept in memory.
It is not possible to certify two certificates with the same DN; this is a side effect of how the text database is indexed and it cannot easily be fixed without introducing other problems. Some S/MIME clients can use two certificates with the same DN for separate signing and encryption keys.
The ca command really needs rewriting or the required functionality exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility (perl script or GUI) can handle things properly. The scripts CA.sh and CA.pl help a little but not very much.
Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently deleted. This does not happen if the -preserveDN option is used. To enforce the absence of the EMAIL field within the DN, as suggested by RFCs, regardless of the contents of the request's subject the -noemailDN option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and configurable.
Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can create an empty file.

The ca command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
The ca utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things in a CA. It was not supposed to be used as a full blown CA itself: nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
The ca command is effectively a single user command: no locking is done on the various files, and attempts to run more than one ca command on the same database can have unpredictable results.
The copy_extensions option should be used with caution. If care is not taken, it can be a security risk. For example, if a certificate request contains a basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the copy_extensions value is set to copyall and the user does not spot this when the certificate is displayed, then this will hand the requestor a valid CA certificate.
This situation can be avoided by setting copy_extensions to copy and including basicConstraints with CA:FALSE in the configuration file. Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension, it will be ignored.
It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such as keyUsage to prevent a request supplying its own values.
Additional restrictions can be placed on the CA certificate itself. For example if the CA certificate has:
basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0
then even if a certificate is issued with CA:TRUE it will not be valid.

openssl ciphers [
-hVv
] [
-ssl3 | -tls1
] [
cipherlist
]
The ciphers command converts OpenSSL cipher lists into ordered SSL cipher preference lists. It can be used as a test tool to determine the appropriate cipherlist.
The options are as follows:
 
 
, -?
Print a brief usage message.
 
 
Only include SSL v3 ciphers.
 
 
Only include TLS v1 ciphers.
 
 
Like -v, but include cipher suite codes in output (hex format).
 
 
Verbose option. List ciphers with a complete description of protocol version (SSLv3, which includes TLS), key exchange, authentication, encryption and mac algorithms used along with any key size restrictions and whether the algorithm is classed as an export cipher. Note that without the -v option, ciphers may seem to appear twice in a cipher list; this is when similar ciphers are available for SSL v3/TLS v1.
 
 
cipherlist
A cipher list to convert to a cipher preference list. If it is not included, the default cipher list will be used. The format is described below.

The cipher list consists of one or more cipher strings separated by colons. Commas or spaces are also acceptable separators, but colons are normally used.
The actual cipher string can take several different forms:
It can consist of a single cipher suite such as RC4-SHA.
It can represent a list of cipher suites containing a certain algorithm, or cipher suites of a certain type. For example SHA1 represents all cipher suites using the digest algorithm SHA1, and SSLv3 represents all SSL v3 algorithms.
Lists of cipher suites can be combined in a single cipher string using the ‘+’ character. This is used as a logical and operation. For example, SHA1+DES represents all cipher suites containing the SHA1 and the DES algorithms.
Each cipher string can be optionally preceded by the characters ‘!’, ‘-’, or ‘+’.
If ‘!’ is used, then the ciphers are permanently deleted from the list. The ciphers deleted can never reappear in the list even if they are explicitly stated.
If ‘-’ is used, then the ciphers are deleted from the list, but some or all of the ciphers can be added again by later options.
If ‘+’ is used, then the ciphers are moved to the end of the list. This option doesn't add any new ciphers, it just moves matching existing ones.
If none of these characters is present, the string is just interpreted as a list of ciphers to be appended to the current preference list. If the list includes any ciphers already present, they will be ignored; that is, they will not be moved to the end of the list.
Additionally, the cipher string @STRENGTH can be used at any point to sort the current cipher list in order of encryption algorithm key length.

The following is a list of all permitted cipher strings and their meanings.
 
 
DEFAULT
The default cipher list. This is determined at compile time and is currently ALL:!aNULL:!eNULL:!SSLv2. This must be the first cipher string specified.
 
 
COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT
The ciphers included in ALL, but not enabled by default. Currently this is ADH. Note that this rule does not cover eNULL, which is not included by ALL (use COMPLEMENTOFALL if necessary).
 
 
ALL
All cipher suites except the eNULL ciphers which must be explicitly enabled.
 
 
COMPLEMENTOFALL
The cipher suites not enabled by ALL, currently being eNULL.
 
 
HIGH
“High” encryption cipher suites. This currently means those with key lengths larger than 128 bits.
 
 
MEDIUM
“Medium” encryption cipher suites, currently those using 128-bit encryption.
 
 
LOW
“Low” encryption cipher suites, currently those using 64- or 56-bit encryption algorithms, but excluding export cipher suites.
 
 
EXP, EXPORT
Export encryption algorithms. Including 40- and 56-bit algorithms.
 
 
EXPORT40
40-bit export encryption algorithms.
 
 
eNULL, NULL
The “NULL” ciphers; that is, those offering no encryption. Because these offer no encryption at all and are a security risk, they are disabled unless explicitly included.
 
 
aNULL
The cipher suites offering no authentication. This is currently the anonymous DH algorithms. These cipher suites are vulnerable to a “man in the middle” attack, so their use is normally discouraged.
 
 
kRSA, RSA
Cipher suites using RSA key exchange.
 
 
kEDH
Cipher suites using ephemeral DH key agreement.
 
 
aRSA
Cipher suites using RSA authentication, i.e. the certificates carry RSA keys.
 
 
aDSS, DSS
Cipher suites using DSS authentication, i.e. the certificates carry DSS keys.
 
 
TLSv1, SSLv3
TLS v1.0 or SSL v3.0 cipher suites, respectively.
 
 
DH
Cipher suites using DH, including anonymous DH.
 
 
ADH
Anonymous DH cipher suites.
 
 
AES
Cipher suites using AES.
 
 
3DES
Cipher suites using triple DES.
 
 
DES
Cipher suites using DES (not triple DES).
 
 
RC4
Cipher suites using RC4.
 
 
RC2
Cipher suites using RC2.
 
 
MD5
Cipher suites using MD5.
 
 
SHA1, SHA
Cipher suites using SHA1.

The following lists give the SSL or TLS cipher suites names from the relevant specification and their OpenSSL equivalents. It should be noted that several cipher suite names do not include the authentication used, e.g. DES-CBC3-SHA. In these cases, RSA authentication is used. 

SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5                   NULL-MD5 
SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA                   NULL-SHA 
SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5          EXP-RC4-MD5 
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5                RC4-MD5 
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA                RC4-SHA 
SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5      EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5 
SSL_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA               IDEA-CBC-SHA 
SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA       EXP-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA                DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA           DES-CBC3-SHA 
 
SSL_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA    Not implemented. 
SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA             Not implemented. 
SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA        Not implemented. 
SSL_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA    Not implemented. 
SSL_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA             Not implemented. 
SSL_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA        Not implemented. 
SSL_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            EDH-DSS-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA 
SSL_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA 
 
SSL_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5      EXP-ADH-RC4-MD5 
SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5            ADH-RC4-MD5 
SSL_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-ADH-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            ADH-DES-CBC-SHA 
SSL_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       ADH-DES-CBC3-SHA 
 
SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_NULL_SHA          Not implemented. 
SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_FORTEZZA_CBC_SHA  Not implemented. 
SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA       Not implemented.


TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5                   NULL-MD5 
TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA                   NULL-SHA 
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5          EXP-RC4-MD5 
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5                RC4-MD5 
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA                RC4-SHA 
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5      EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5 
TLS_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA               IDEA-CBC-SHA 
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA       EXP-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA                DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA           DES-CBC3-SHA 
 
TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA    Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA             Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA        Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA    Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA             Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA        Not implemented. 
TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            EDH-DSS-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA 
TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA 
 
TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5      EXP-ADH-RC4-MD5 
TLS_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5            ADH-RC4-MD5 
TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   EXP-ADH-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            ADH-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA       ADH-DES-CBC3-SHA


TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA            AES128-SHA 
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA            AES256-SHA 
 
TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA         Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA         Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA         Not implemented. 
TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA         Not implemented. 
 
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA        DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA        DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA 
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA        DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA 
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA        DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA 
 
TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA        ADH-AES128-SHA 
TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA        ADH-AES256-SHA

Note: These ciphers require an engine which includes GOST cryptographic algorithms, such as the “ccgost” engine, included in the OpenSSL distribution. 
TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT	GOST94-GOST89-GOST89 
TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT	GOST2001-GOST89-GOST89 
TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411	GOST94-NULL-GOST94 
TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411	GOST2001-NULL-GOST94

Note: These ciphers can also be used in SSL v3. 
TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA     EXP1024-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_RC4_56_SHA      EXP1024-RC4-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EXP1024-DHE-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT1024_WITH_RC4_56_SHA  EXP1024-DHE-DSS-RC4-SHA 
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_RC4_128_SHA            DHE-DSS-RC4-SHA

The non-ephemeral DH modes are currently unimplemented in OpenSSL because there is no support for DH certificates.
Some compiled versions of OpenSSL may not include all the ciphers listed here because some ciphers were excluded at compile time.

Verbose listing of all OpenSSL ciphers including NULL ciphers:
$ openssl ciphers -v 'ALL:eNULL'
Include all ciphers except NULL and anonymous DH then sort by strength:
$ openssl ciphers -v 'ALL:!ADH:@STRENGTH'
Include only 3DES ciphers and then place RSA ciphers last:
$ openssl ciphers -v '3DES:+RSA'
Include all RC4 ciphers but leave out those without authentication:
$ openssl ciphers -v 'RC4:!COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT'
Include all ciphers with RSA authentication but leave out ciphers without encryption:
$ openssl ciphers -v 'RSA:!COMPLEMENTOFALL'

The COMPLEMENTOFALL and COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT selection options were added in OpenSSL 0.9.7.
The -V option of the ciphers command was added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.

openssl crl [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath dir
] [
-fingerprint
] [
-hash
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-issuer
] [
-lastupdate
] [
-nextupdate
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-text
]
The crl command processes CRL files in DER or PEM format.
The options are as follows:
 
 
file
Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in file.
 
 
directory
Verify the signature on a CRL by looking up the issuing certificate in dir. This directory must be a standard certificate directory, i.e. a hash of each subject name (using x509 -hash) should be linked to each certificate.
 
 
Print the CRL fingerprint.
 
 
Output a hash of the issuer name. This can be used to look up CRLs in a directory by issuer name.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. DER format is a DER-encoded CRL structure. PEM (the default) is a base64-encoded version of the DER form with header and footer lines.
 
 
Output the issuer name.
 
 
Output the lastUpdate field.
 
 
Output the nextUpdate field.
 
 
Don't output the encoded version of the CRL.
 
 
file
Specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
Print out the CRL in text form.

The PEM CRL format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN X509 CRL----- 
-----END X509 CRL-----

Convert a CRL file from PEM to DER:
$ openssl crl -in crl.pem -outform DER -out crl.der
Output the text form of a DER-encoded certificate:
$ openssl crl -in crl.der -inform DER -text -noout

Ideally, it should be possible to create a CRL using appropriate options and files too.

openssl crl2pkcs7 [
-certfile file
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-nocrl
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
]
The crl2pkcs7 command takes an optional CRL and one or more certificates and converts them into a PKCS#7 degenerate “certificates only” structure.
The options are as follows:
 
 
file
Specifies a file containing one or more certificates in PEM format. All certificates in the file will be added to the PKCS#7 structure. This option can be used more than once to read certificates from multiple files.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a CRL from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the CRL input format. DER format is a DER-encoded CRL structure. PEM (the default) is a base64-encoded version of the DER form with header and footer lines.
 
 
Normally, a CRL is included in the output file. With this option, no CRL is included in the output file and a CRL is not read from the input file.
 
 
file
Specifies the output file to write the PKCS#7 structure to, or standard output by default.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the PKCS#7 structure output format. DER format is a DER-encoded PKCS#7 structure. PEM (the default) is a base64-encoded version of the DER form with header and footer lines.

Create a PKCS#7 structure from a certificate and CRL:
$ openssl crl2pkcs7 -in crl.pem -certfile cert.pem -out p7.pem
Create a PKCS#7 structure in DER format with no CRL from several different certificates: 
$ openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile newcert.pem \ 
	-certfile demoCA/cacert.pem -outform DER -out p7.der

The output file is a PKCS#7 signed data structure containing no signers and just certificates and an optional CRL.
This utility can be used to send certificates and CAs to Netscape as part of the certificate enrollment process. This involves sending the DER-encoded output as MIME type application/x-x509-user-cert.
The PEM-encoded form with the header and footer lines removed can be used to install user certificates and CAs in MSIE using the Xenroll control.

openssl dgst [
-dss1 | -md2 | -md4 | -md5 | -ripemd160 | -sha | -sha1
] [
-binary
] [
-cd
] [
-engine id
] [
-hex
] [
-hmac key
] [
-keyform ENGINE | PEM
] [
-mac algorithm
] [
-macopt nm:v
] [
-out file
] [
-passin arg
] [
-prverify file
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-sign file
] [
-signature file
] [
-sigopt nm:v
] [
-verify file
] [
file ...
]
openssl md2 | md4 | md5 | ripemd160 | sha | sha1 [
-c
] [
-d
] [
file ...
]
The digest functions output the message digest of a supplied file or files in hexadecimal form. They can also be used for digital signing and verification.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Output the digest or signature in binary form.
 
 
Print out the digest in two-digit groups separated by colons; only relevant if hex format output is used.
 
 
Print out BIO debugging information.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause dgst to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. This engine is not used as a source for digest algorithms unless it is also specified in the configuration file.
 
 
Digest is to be output as a hex dump. This is the default case for a “normal” digest as opposed to a digital signature.
 
 
key
Create a hashed MAC using key.
 
 
ENGINE | PEM
Specifies the key format to sign the digest with.
 
 
algorithm
Create a keyed Message Authentication Code (MAC). The most popular MAC algorithm is HMAC (hash-based MAC), but there are other MAC algorithms which are not based on hash. MAC keys and other options should be set via the -macopt parameter.
 
 
nm:v
Passes options to the MAC algorithm, specified by -mac. The following options are supported by HMAC:
 
 
key:string
Specifies the MAC key as an alphanumeric string (use if the key contain printable characters only). String length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm.
 
 
hexkey:string
Specifies the MAC key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte). Key length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm.
 
 
file
The file to output to, or standard output by default.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
file
Verify the signature using the private key in file. The output is either “Verification OK” or “Verification Failure”.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
file
Digitally sign the digest using the private key in file.
 
 
file
The actual signature to verify.
 
 
nm:v
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations. The names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
 
 
file
Verify the signature using the public key in file. The output is either “Verification OK” or “Verification Failure”.
 
 
file ...
File or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is used.

The digest of choice for all new applications is SHA1. Other digests are, however, still widely used.
If you wish to sign or verify data using the DSA algorithm, the dss1 digest must be used.
A source of random numbers is required for certain signing algorithms, in particular DSA.
The signing and verify options should only be used if a single file is being signed or verified.

Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management. The dh command has been replaced by dhparam. See DHPARAM below.

openssl dhparam [
-2 | -5
] [
-C
] [
-check
] [
-dsaparam
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-text
] [
numbits
]
The dhparam command is used to manipulate DH parameter files.
The options are as follows:
 
 
, -5
The generator to use, either 2 or 5. 2 is the default. If present, the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead.
 
 
This option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_dhnumbits() function.
 
 
Check the DH parameters.
 
 
If this option is used, DSA rather than DH parameters are read or created; they are converted to DH format. Otherwise, “strong” primes (such that (p-1)/2 is also prime) will be used for DH parameter generation.
DH parameter generation with the -dsaparam option is much faster, and the recommended exponent length is shorter, which makes DH key exchange more efficient. Beware that with such DSA-style DH parameters, a fresh DH key should be created for each use to avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause dhparam to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read parameters from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. The argument DER uses an ASN1 DER-encoded form compatible with the PKCS#3 DHparameter structure. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines.
 
 
This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
 
 
numbits
This argument specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size numbits. It must be the last option. If not present, a value of 512 is used. If this value is present, the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write parameters to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified, separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
This option prints out the DH parameters in human readable form.

The program dhparam combines the functionality of the programs dh and gendh in previous versions of OpenSSL and SSLeay. The dh and gendh programs are retained for now, but may have different purposes in future versions of OpenSSL.

PEM format DH parameters use the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS----- 
-----END DH PARAMETERS-----
OpenSSL currently only supports the older PKCS#3 DH, not the newer X9.42 DH.
This program manipulates DH parameters not keys.

There should be a way to generate and manipulate DH keys.

The dhparam command was added in OpenSSL 0.9.5. The -dsaparam option was added in OpenSSL 0.9.6.

openssl dsa [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-modulus
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-pubin
] [
-pubout
] [
-text
]
The dsa command processes DSA keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
Note: This command uses the traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the pkcs8 command.
The options are as follows:
 
 
| | | |
These options encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified, the key is written in plain text. This means that using the dsa utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause dsa to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a key from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER argument with a private key uses an ASN1 DER-encoded form of an ASN.1 SEQUENCE consisting of the values of version (currently zero), P, Q, G, and the public and private key components, respectively, as ASN.1 INTEGERs. When used with a public key it uses a SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure: it is an error if the key is not DSA.
The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key, PKCS#8 format is also accepted.
 
 
This option prints out the value of the public key component of the key.
 
 
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write a key to, or standard output if not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
By default, a private key is read from the input file. With this option a public key is read instead.
 
 
By default, a private key is output. With this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key.
 
 
Prints out the public/private key components and parameters.

The PEM private key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY----- 
-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----
The PEM public key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- 
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

To remove the pass phrase on a DSA private key:
$ openssl dsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem
To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
$ openssl dsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem
To convert a private key from PEM to DER format:
$ openssl dsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
$ openssl dsa -in key.pem -text -noout
To just output the public part of a private key:
$ openssl dsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem

openssl dsaparam [
-C
] [
-engine id
] [
-genkey
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-text
] [
numbits
]
The dsaparam command is used to manipulate or generate DSA parameter files.
The options are as follows:
 
 
This option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_dsaXXX() function.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause dsaparam to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
This option will generate a DSA either using the specified or generated parameters.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read parameters from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the numbits parameter is included, then this option will be ignored.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER argument uses an ASN1 DER-encoded form compatible with RFC 2459 (PKIX) DSS-Parms that is a SEQUENCE consisting of p, q and g, respectively. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines.
 
 
This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
 
 
numbits
This option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size numbits. If this option is included, the input file (if any) is ignored.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write parameters to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified, separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
This option prints out the DSA parameters in human readable form.

PEM format DSA parameters use the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN DSA PARAMETERS----- 
-----END DSA PARAMETERS-----
DSA parameter generation is a slow process and as a result the same set of DSA parameters is often used to generate several distinct keys.

openssl ec [
-conv_form arg
] [
-des
] [
-des3
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-param_enc arg
] [
-param_out
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-pubin
] [
-pubout
] [
-text
]
The ec command processes EC keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. Note: OpenSSL uses the private key format specified in “SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography” (http://www.secg.org/). To convert an OpenSSL EC private key into the PKCS#8 private key format use the pkcs8 command.
The options are as follows:
 
 
arg
This specifies how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: compressed (the default value), uncompressed, and hybrid. For more information regarding the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard. Note: Due to patent issues the compressed option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP at compile time.
 
 
|
These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or any other cipher supported by OpenSSL before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This means that using the ec utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause ec to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input filename to read a key from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. DER with a private key uses an ASN.1 DER-encoded SEC1 private key. When used with a public key it uses the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure as specified in RFC 3280. PEM is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key PKCS#8 format is also accepted.
 
 
Prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
 
 
file
Specifies the output filename to write a key to, or standard output if none is specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format. The options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: named_curve, i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID; or explicit, where the EC parameters are explicitly given (see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures). The default value is named_curve. Note: the implicitlyCA alternative, as specified in RFC 3279, is currently not implemented in OpenSSL.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
By default a private key is read from the input file; with this option a public key is read instead.
 
 
By default a private key is output; with this option a public key is output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key.
 
 
Prints out the public/private key components and parameters.

The PEM private key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY----- 
-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----
The PEM public key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- 
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

To encrypt a private key using triple DES: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem
To convert a private key from PEM to DER format: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der
To print out the components of a private key to standard output: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -text -noout
To just output the public part of a private key: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem
To change the parameter encoding to explicit: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -param_enc explicit -out keyout.pem
To change the point conversion form to compressed: 
$ openssl ec -in key.pem -conv_form compressed -out keyout.pem

The ec command was first introduced in OpenSSL 0.9.8.

Nils Larsch.

openssl ecparam [
-C
] [
-check
] [
-conv_form arg
] [
-engine id
] [
-genkey
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-list_curves
] [
-name arg
] [
-no_seed
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-param_enc arg
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-text
]
This command is used to manipulate or generate EC parameter files.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Convert the EC parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_ec_group_XXX() function.
 
 
Validate the elliptic curve parameters.
 
 
arg
Specify how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: compressed (the default value), uncompressed, and hybrid. For more information regarding the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard. Note: Due to patent issues the compressed option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP at compile time.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause ecparam to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Generate an EC private key using the specified parameters.
 
 
file
Specify the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
Specify the input format. DER uses an ASN.1 DER-encoded form compatible with RFC 3279 EcpkParameters. PEM is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines.
 
 
Print out a list of all currently implemented EC parameter names and exit.
 
 
arg
Use the EC parameters with the specified 'short' name. Use -list_curves to get a list of all currently implemented EC parameters.
 
 
Inhibit that the 'seed' for the parameter generation is included in the ECParameters structure (see RFC 3279).
 
 
Inhibit the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
 
 
file
Specify the output filename parameters are written to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
Specify the output format; the parameters have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: named_curve, i.e. the EC parameters are specified by an OID, or explicit, where the EC parameters are explicitly given (see RFC 3279 for the definition of the EC parameter structures). The default value is named_curve. Note: the implicitlyCA alternative, as specified in RFC 3279, is currently not implemented in OpenSSL.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character. The separator is ‘;’ for MS-Windows, ‘,’ for OpenVMS, and ‘:’ for all others.
 
 
Print out the EC parameters in human readable form.

PEM format EC parameters use the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN EC PARAMETERS----- 
-----END EC PARAMETERS-----
OpenSSL is currently not able to generate new groups and therefore ecparam can only create EC parameters from known (named) curves.

To create EC parameters with the group 'prime192v1': 
$ openssl ecparam -out ec_param.pem -name prime192v1
To create EC parameters with explicit parameters: 
$ openssl ecparam -out ec_param.pem -name prime192v1 \ 
	-param_enc explicit
To validate given EC parameters: 
$ openssl ecparam -in ec_param.pem -check
To create EC parameters and a private key: 
$ openssl ecparam -out ec_key.pem -name prime192v1 -genkey
To change the point encoding to 'compressed': 
$ openssl ecparam -in ec_in.pem -out ec_out.pem \ 
	-conv_form compressed
To print out the EC parameters to standard output: 
$ openssl ecparam -in ec_param.pem -noout -text

The ecparam command was first introduced in OpenSSL 0.9.8.

Nils Larsch.

openssl enc -ciphername [
-AadePp
] [
-base64
] [
-bufsize number
] [
-debug
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-iv IV
] [
-K key
] [
-k password
] [
-kfile file
] [
-md digest
] [
-none
] [
-nopad
] [
-nosalt
] [
-out file
] [
-pass arg
] [
-S salt
] [
-salt
]
The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
The options are as follows:
 
 
If the -a option is set, then base64 process the data on one line.
 
 
, -base64
Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place, the data is base64-encoded after encryption. If decryption is set, the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
 
 
number
Set the buffer size for I/O.
 
 
Decrypt the input data.
 
 
Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
 
 
Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause enc to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
The input file; standard input by default.
 
 
IV
The actual IV (initialisation vector) to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the -K option, the IV must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using one of the other options, the IV is generated from this password.
 
 
key
The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the IV must be additionally specified using the -iv option. When both a key and a password are specified, the key given with the -K option will be used and the IV generated from the password will be taken. It probably does not make much sense to specify both key and password.
 
 
password
The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass option.
 
 
file
Read the password to derive the key from the first line of file. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass option.
 
 
digest
Use digest to create a key from a pass phrase. digest may be one of “md2”, “md5”, “sha”, or “sha1”.
 
 
Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
 
 
Disable standard block padding.
 
 
Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option should NEVER be used unless compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL or SSLeay is required.
 
 
file
The output file, standard output by default.
 
 
Print out the salt, key, and IV used, then immediately exit; don't do any encryption or decryption.
 
 
Print out the salt, key, and IV used.
 
 
arg
The password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
salt
The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits.
 
 
Use a salt in the key derivation routines. This is the default.

The program can be called either as openssl ciphername or openssl enc -ciphername. But the first form doesn't work with engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the configuration file is read and any engines loaded.
Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms should be configured in the configuration file. Engines, specified on the command line using the -engine option, can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of ciphers, supported by OpenSSL core, or by other engines specified in the configuration file.
When enc lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines specified in the configuration files are listed too.
A password will be prompted for to derive the key and IV if necessary.
The -nosalt option should NEVER be used unless compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL or SSLeay is required.
With the -nosalt option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use a strong block cipher in CBC mode such as bf or des3.
All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding also known as standard block padding: this allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test is better than 1 in 256, it isn't a very good test.
If padding is disabled, the input data must be a multiple of the cipher block length.
All RC2 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
Blowfish and RC5 algorithms use a 128-bit key. 

aes-[128|192|256]-cbc	128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode 
aes-[128|192|256]	Alias for aes-[128|192|256]-cbc 
aes-[128|192|256]-cfb	128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode 
aes-[128|192|256]-cfb1	128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode 
aes-[128|192|256]-cfb8	128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode 
aes-[128|192|256]-ecb	128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode 
aes-[128|192|256]-ofb	128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode 
 
base64			Base 64 
 
bf			Alias for bf-cbc 
bf-cbc			Blowfish in CBC mode 
bf-cfb			Blowfish in CFB mode 
bf-ecb			Blowfish in ECB mode 
bf-ofb			Blowfish in OFB mode 
 
cast			Alias for cast-cbc 
cast-cbc		CAST in CBC mode 
cast5-cbc		CAST5 in CBC mode 
cast5-cfb		CAST5 in CFB mode 
cast5-ecb		CAST5 in ECB mode 
cast5-ofb		CAST5 in OFB mode 
 
des			Alias for des-cbc 
des-cbc			DES in CBC mode 
des-cfb			DES in CBC mode 
des-ecb			DES in ECB mode 
des-ofb			DES in OFB mode 
 
des-ede			Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode 
des-ede-cbc		Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode 
des-ede-cfb		Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode 
des-ede-ofb		Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode 
 
des3			Alias for des-ede3-cbc 
des-ede3		Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode 
des-ede3-cbc		Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode 
des-ede3-cfb		Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode 
des-ede3-ofb		Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode 
 
desx			DESX algorithm 
 
rc2			Alias for rc2-cbc 
rc2-cbc			128-bit RC2 in CBC mode 
rc2-cfb			128-bit RC2 in CFB mode 
rc2-ecb			128-bit RC2 in ECB mode 
rc2-ofb			128-bit RC2 in OFB mode 
rc2-64-cbc		64-bit RC2 in CBC mode 
rc2-40-cbc		40-bit RC2 in CBC mode 
 
rc4			128-bit RC4 
rc4-40			40-bit RC4

Just base64 encode a binary file:
$ openssl base64 -in file.bin -out file.b64
Decode the same file:
$ openssl base64 -d -in file.b64 -out file.bin
Encrypt a file using triple DES in CBC mode using a prompted password:
$ openssl des3 -salt -in file.txt -out file.des3
Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
$ openssl des3 -d -in file.des3 -out file.txt -k mypassword
Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example) using Blowfish in CBC mode:
$ openssl bf -a -salt -in file.txt -out file.bf
Base64 decode a file then decrypt it:
$ openssl bf -d -a -in file.bf -out file.txt

The -A option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
There should be an option to allow an iteration count to be included.
The enc program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with certain parameters. Therefore it is not possible to use RC2 with a 76-bit key or RC4 with an 84-bit key with this program.

openssl engine [
-ctv
] [
-post cmd
] [
-pre cmd
] [
engine ...
]
The engine command provides loadable module information and manipulation of various engines. Any options are applied to all engines supplied on the command line, or all supported engines if none are specified.
The options are as follows:
 
 
For each engine, also list the capabilities.
 
 
cmd
Run command cmd against the engine after loading it (only used if -t is also provided).
 
 
cmd
Run command cmd against the engine before any attempts to load it (only used if -t is also provided).
 
 
For each engine, check that they are really available. -tt will display an error trace for unavailable engines.
 
 
Verbose mode. For each engine, list its 'control commands'. -vv will additionally display each command's description. -vvv will also add the input flags for each command. -vvvv will also show internal input flags.

openssl errstr [
-stats
] errno ...
The errstr command performs error number to error string conversion, generating a human-readable string representing the error code errno. The string is obtained through the ERR_error_string_n(3) function and has the following format:
error:[error code]:[library name]:[function name]:[reason string]
[error code] is an 8-digit hexadecimal number. The remaining fields [library name], [function name], and [reason string] are all ASCII text.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Print debugging statistics about various aspects of the hash table.

The following error code:
27594:error:2006D080:lib(32):func(109):reason(128):bss_file.c:107:
...can be displayed with:
$ openssl errstr 2006D080
...to produce the error message:
error:2006D080:BIO routines:BIO_new_file:no such file

Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Replaced by dhparam. See DHPARAM above.

openssl gendsa [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3
] [
-engine id
] [
-out file
] [
-rand file ...
] [
paramfile
]
The gendsa command generates a DSA private key from a DSA parameter file (which will typically be generated by the openssl dsaparam command).
The options are as follows:
 
 
| | | |
These options encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause gendsa to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
The output file. If this argument is not specified, standard output is used.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
paramfile
This option specifies the DSA parameter file to use. The parameters in this file determine the size of the private key. DSA parameters can be generated and examined using the openssl dsaparam command.

DSA key generation is little more than random number generation so it is much quicker than RSA key generation, for example.

openssl genpkey [
-algorithm alg
] [
cipher
] [
-engine id
] [
-genparam
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-paramfile file
] [
-pass arg
] [
-pkeyopt opt:value
] [
-text
]
The genpkey command generates private keys. The use of this program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities because additional algorithm options and engine-provided algorithms can be used.
The options are as follows:
 
 
alg
The public key algorithm to use, such as RSA, DSA, or DH. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive.
 
 
cipher
Encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by EVP_get_cipherbyname() is acceptable, such as des3.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause genpkey to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must precede any -algorithm, -paramfile, or -pkeyopt options.
 
 
file
The output filename. If this argument is not specified then standard output is used.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format, DER or PEM.
 
 
file
Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters. They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
opt:value
Set the public key algorithm option opt to value. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See GENPKEY KEY GENERATION OPTIONS below for more details.
 
 
Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and parameters along with the DER or PEM structure.

The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below.
 
 
rsa_keygen_bits:numbits
(RSA) The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 1024 is used.
 
 
rsa_keygen_pubexp:value
(RSA) The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by 0x. The default value is 65537.
 
 
dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits
(DSA) The number of bits in the generated parameters. If not specified 1024 is used.
 
 
dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits
(DH) The number of bits in the prime parameter p.
 
 
dh_paramgen_generator:value
(DH) The value to use for the generator g.
 
 
ec_paramgen_curve:curve
(EC) The EC curve to use.

Generate an RSA private key using default parameters: 
$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem
Encrypt and output a private key using 128-bit AES and the passphrase "hello": 
$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem \ 
	-aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello
Generate a 2048-bit RSA key using 3 as the public exponent: 
$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem \ 
	-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3
Generate 1024-bit DSA parameters: 
$ openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DSA \ 
	-out dsap.pem -pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:1024
Generate a DSA key from parameters: 
$ openssl genpkey -paramfile dsap.pem -out dsakey.pem
Generate 1024-bit DH parameters: 
$ openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH \ 
	-out dhp.pem -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:1024
Generate a DH key from parameters: 
$ openssl genpkey -paramfile dhp.pem -out dhkey.pem

openssl genrsa [
-3 | -f4
] [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3
] [
-engine id
] [
-out file
] [
-passout arg
] [
-rand file ...
] [
numbits
]
The genrsa command generates an RSA private key.
The options are as follows:
 
 
|
The public exponent to use, either 3 or 65537. The default is 65537.
 
 
| | | |
These options encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. If none of these options are specified, no encryption is used. If encryption is used, a pass phrase is prompted for, if it is not supplied via the -passout option.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause genrsa to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
The output file. If this argument is not specified, standard output is used.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
numbits
The size of the private key to generate in bits. This must be the last option specified. The default is 512.

RSA private key generation essentially involves the generation of two prime numbers. When generating a private key, various symbols will be output to indicate the progress of the generation. A ‘.’ represents each number which has passed an initial sieve test; ‘+’ means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test. A newline means that the number has passed all the prime tests (the actual number depends on the key size).
Because key generation is a random process, the time taken to generate a key may vary somewhat.

A quirk of the prime generation algorithm is that it cannot generate small primes. Therefore the number of bits should not be less that 64. For typical private keys this will not matter because for security reasons they will be much larger (typically 1024 bits).

openssl nseq [
-in file
] [
-out file
] [
-toseq
]
The nseq command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate sequence and prints out the certificates contained in it or takes a file of certificates and converts it into a Netscape certificate sequence.
The options are as follows:
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
file
Specifies the output file, or standard output by default.
 
 
Normally, a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output is the certificates contained in it. With the -toseq option the situation is reversed: a Netscape certificate sequence is created from a file of certificates.

Output the certificates in a Netscape certificate sequence: 
$ openssl nseq -in nseq.pem -out certs.pem
Create a Netscape certificate sequence: 
$ openssl nseq -in certs.pem -toseq -out nseq.pem

The PEM-encoded form uses the same headers and footers as a certificate: 
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
A Netscape certificate sequence is a Netscape specific form that can be sent to browsers as an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format when several certificates are sent to the browser: for example during certificate enrollment. It is used by the Netscape certificate server, for example.

This program needs a few more options, like allowing DER or PEM input and output files and allowing multiple certificate files to be used.

openssl ocsp [
-CA file
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-cert file
] [
-dgst alg
] [
-host hostname:port
] [
-index indexfile
] [
-issuer file
] [
-ndays days
] [
-nmin minutes
] [
-no_cert_checks
] [
-no_cert_verify
] [
-no_certs
] [
-no_chain
] [
-no_intern
] [
-no_nonce
] [
-no_signature_verify
] [
-nonce
] [
-noverify
] [
-nrequest number
] [
-out file
] [
-path path
] [
-port portnum
] [
-req_text
] [
-reqin file
] [
-reqout file
] [
-resp_key_id
] [
-resp_no_certs
] [
-resp_text
] [
-respin file
] [
-respout file
] [
-rkey file
] [
-rother file
] [
-rsigner file
] [
-serial number
] [
-sign_other file
] [
-signer file
] [
-signkey file
] [
-status_age age
] [
-text
] [
-trust_other
] [
-url responder_url
] [
-VAfile file
] [
-validity_period nsec
] [
-verify_other file
]
The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) enables applications to determine the (revocation) state of an identified certificate (RFC 2560).
The ocsp command performs many common OCSP tasks. It can be used to print out requests and responses, create requests and send queries to an OCSP responder, and behave like a mini OCSP server itself.
The options are as follows:
 
 
file, -CApath directory
file or path containing trusted CA certificates. These are used to verify the signature on the OCSP response.
 
 
file
Add the certificate file to the request. The issuer certificate is taken from the previous -issuer option, or an error occurs if no issuer certificate is specified.
 
 
alg
Sets the digest algorithm to use for certificate identification in the OCSP request. By default SHA-1 is used.
 
 
hostname:port, -path path
If the -host option is present, then the OCSP request is sent to the host hostname on port port. -path specifies the HTTP path name to use, or ‘/’ by default.
 
 
file
This specifies the current issuer certificate. This option can be used multiple times. The certificate specified in file must be in PEM format. This option must come before any -cert options.
 
 
Don't perform any additional checks on the OCSP response signer's certificate. That is, do not make any checks to see if the signer's certificate is authorised to provide the necessary status information: as a result this option should only be used for testing purposes.
 
 
Don't verify the OCSP response signer's certificate at all. Since this option allows the OCSP response to be signed by any certificate, it should only be used for testing purposes.
 
 
Don't include any certificates in signed request.
 
 
Do not use certificates in the response as additional untrusted CA certificates.
 
 
Ignore certificates contained in the OCSP response when searching for the signer's certificate. With this option, the signer's certificate must be specified with either the -verify_other or -VAfile options.
 
 
Don't check the signature on the OCSP response. Since this option tolerates invalid signatures on OCSP responses, it will normally only be used for testing purposes.
 
 
, -no_nonce
Add an OCSP nonce extension to a request or disable an OCSP nonce addition. Normally, if an OCSP request is input using the -respin option no nonce is added: using the -nonce option will force addition of a nonce. If an OCSP request is being created (using the -cert and -serial options) a nonce is automatically added; specifying -no_nonce overrides this.
 
 
Don't attempt to verify the OCSP response signature or the nonce values. This option will normally only be used for debugging since it disables all verification of the responder's certificate.
 
 
file
Specify output file; default is standard output.
 
 
, -resp_text, -text
Print out the text form of the OCSP request, response, or both, respectively.
 
 
file, -respin file
Read an OCSP request or response file from file. These options are ignored if an OCSP request or response creation is implied by other options (for example with the -serial, -cert, and -host options).
 
 
file, -respout file
Write out the DER-encoded certificate request or response to file.
 
 
num
Same as the -cert option except the certificate with serial number num is added to the request. The serial number is interpreted as a decimal integer unless preceded by ‘0x’. Negative integers can also be specified by preceding the value with a ‘-’ sign.
 
 
file
Additional certificates to include in the signed request.
 
 
file, -signkey file
Sign the OCSP request using the certificate specified in the -signer option and the private key specified by the -signkey option. If the -signkey option is not present, then the private key is read from the same file as the certificate. If neither option is specified, the OCSP request is not signed.
 
 
The certificates specified by the -verify_other option should be explicitly trusted and no additional checks will be performed on them. This is useful when the complete responder certificate chain is not available or trusting a root CA is not appropriate.
 
 
responder_url
Specify the responder URL. Both HTTP and HTTPS (SSL/TLS) URLs can be specified.
 
 
file
file containing explicitly trusted responder certificates. Equivalent to the -verify_other and -trust_other options.
 
 
nsec, -status_age age
These options specify the range of times, in seconds, which will be tolerated in an OCSP response. Each certificate status response includes a notBefore time and an optional notAfter time. The current time should fall between these two values, but the interval between the two times may be only a few seconds. In practice the OCSP responder and clients' clocks may not be precisely synchronised and so such a check may fail. To avoid this the -validity_period option can be used to specify an acceptable error range in seconds, the default value is 5 minutes.
If the notAfter time is omitted from a response, then this means that new status information is immediately available. In this case the age of the notBefore field is checked to see it is not older than age seconds old. By default, this additional check is not performed.
 
 
file
file containing additional certificates to search when attempting to locate the OCSP response signing certificate. Some responders omit the actual signer's certificate from the response; this option can be used to supply the necessary certificate in such cases.

 
 
file
CA certificate corresponding to the revocation information in indexfile.
 
 
indexfile
indexfile is a text index file in ca format containing certificate revocation information.
If the -index option is specified, the ocsp utility is in responder mode, otherwise it is in client mode. The request(s) the responder processes can be either specified on the command line (using the -issuer and -serial options), supplied in a file (using the -respin option) or via external OCSP clients (if port or url is specified).
If the -index option is present, then the -CA and -rsigner options must also be present.
 
 
minutes, -ndays days
Number of minutes or days when fresh revocation information is available: used in the nextUpdate field. If neither option is present, the nextUpdate field is omitted, meaning fresh revocation information is immediately available.
 
 
number
The OCSP server will exit after receiving number requests, default unlimited.
 
 
portnum
Port to listen for OCSP requests on. The port may also be specified using the -url option.
 
 
Identify the signer certificate using the key ID; default is to use the subject name.
 
 
Don't include any certificates in the OCSP response.
 
 
file
The private key to sign OCSP responses with; if not present, the file specified in the -rsigner option is used.
 
 
file
Additional certificates to include in the OCSP response.
 
 
file
The certificate to sign OCSP responses with.

OCSP Response follows the rules specified in RFC 2560.
Initially the OCSP responder certificate is located and the signature on the OCSP request checked using the responder certificate's public key.
Then a normal certificate verify is performed on the OCSP responder certificate building up a certificate chain in the process. The locations of the trusted certificates used to build the chain can be specified by the -CAfile and -CApath options or they will be looked for in the standard OpenSSL certificates directory.
If the initial verify fails, the OCSP verify process halts with an error.
Otherwise the issuing CA certificate in the request is compared to the OCSP responder certificate: if there is a match then the OCSP verify succeeds.
Otherwise the OCSP responder certificate's CA is checked against the issuing CA certificate in the request. If there is a match and the OCSPSigning extended key usage is present in the OCSP responder certificate, then the OCSP verify succeeds.
Otherwise the root CA of the OCSP responder's CA is checked to see if it is trusted for OCSP signing. If it is, the OCSP verify succeeds.
If none of these checks is successful, the OCSP verify fails.
What this effectively means is that if the OCSP responder certificate is authorised directly by the CA it is issuing revocation information about (and it is correctly configured), then verification will succeed.
If the OCSP responder is a global responder which can give details about multiple CAs and has its own separate certificate chain, then its root CA can be trusted for OCSP signing. For example: 
$ openssl x509 -in ocspCA.pem -addtrust OCSPSigning \ 
	-out trustedCA.pem
Alternatively, the responder certificate itself can be explicitly trusted with the -VAfile option.

As noted, most of the verify options are for testing or debugging purposes. Normally, only the -CApath, -CAfile and (if the responder is a `global VA') -VAfile options need to be used.
The OCSP server is only useful for test and demonstration purposes: it is not really usable as a full OCSP responder. It contains only a very simple HTTP request handling and can only handle the POST form of OCSP queries. It also handles requests serially, meaning it cannot respond to new requests until it has processed the current one. The text index file format of revocation is also inefficient for large quantities of revocation data.
It is possible to run the ocsp application in responder mode via a CGI script using the -respin and -respout options.

Create an OCSP request and write it to a file: 
$ openssl ocsp -issuer issuer.pem -cert c1.pem -cert c2.pem \ 
	-reqout req.der
Send a query to an OCSP responder with URL http://ocsp.myhost.com/, save the response to a file and print it out in text form: 
$ openssl ocsp -issuer issuer.pem -cert c1.pem -cert c2.pem \ 
	-url http://ocsp.myhost.com/ -resp_text -respout resp.der
Read in an OCSP response and print out in text form:
$ openssl ocsp -respin resp.der -text
OCSP server on port 8888 using a standard ca configuration, and a separate responder certificate. All requests and responses are printed to a file: 
$ openssl ocsp -index demoCA/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner \ 
	rcert.pem -CA demoCA/cacert.pem -text -out log.txt
As above, but exit after processing one request: 
$ openssl ocsp -index demoCA/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner \ 
	rcert.pem -CA demoCA/cacert.pem -nrequest 1
Query status information using internally generated request: 
$ openssl ocsp -index demoCA/index.txt -rsigner rcert.pem -CA \ 
	demoCA/cacert.pem -issuer demoCA/cacert.pem -serial 1
Query status information using request read from a file and write the response to a second file: 
$ openssl ocsp -index demoCA/index.txt -rsigner rcert.pem -CA \ 
	demoCA/cacert.pem -reqin req.der -respout resp.der

openssl passwd [
-1 | -apr1 | -crypt
] [
-in file
] [
-noverify
] [
-quiet
] [
-reverse
] [
-salt string
] [
-stdin
] [
-table
] [
password
]
The passwd command computes the hash of a password typed at run-time or the hash of each password in a list. The password list is taken from the named file for option -in, from stdin for option -stdin, or from the command line, or from the terminal otherwise. The UNIX standard algorithm crypt and the MD5-based BSD password algorithm 1 and its Apache variant apr1 are available.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Use the MD5 based BSD password algorithm 1.
 
 
Use the apr1 algorithm (Apache variant of the) BSD algorithm.
 
 
Use the crypt algorithm (default).
 
 
file
Read passwords from file.
 
 
Don't verify when reading a password from the terminal.
 
 
Don't output warnings when passwords given on the command line are truncated.
 
 
Switch table columns. This only makes sense in conjunction with the -table option.
 
 
string
Use the specified salt. When reading a password from the terminal, this implies -noverify.
 
 
Read passwords from stdin.
 
 
In the output list, prepend the cleartext password and a TAB character to each password hash.

$ openssl passwd -crypt -salt xx password
prints “xxj31ZMTZzkVA”.
$ openssl passwd -1 -salt xxxxxxxx password
prints “$1$xxxxxxxx$UYCIxa628.9qXjpQCjM4a.”.
$ openssl passwd -apr1 -salt xxxxxxxx password
prints “$apr1$xxxxxxxx$dxHfLAsjHkDRmG83UXe8K0”.

openssl pkcs7 [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-print_certs
] [
-text
]
The pkcs7 command processes PKCS#7 files in DER or PEM format.
The options are as follows:
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkcs7 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. DER format is a DER-encoded PKCS#7 v1.5 structure. PEM (the default) is a base64-encoded version of the DER form with header and footer lines.
 
 
Don't output the encoded version of the PKCS#7 structure (or certificates if -print_certs is set).
 
 
file
Specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
Prints out any certificates or CRLs contained in the file. They are preceded by their subject and issuer names in a one-line format.
 
 
Prints out certificate details in full rather than just subject and issuer names.

Convert a PKCS#7 file from PEM to DER:
$ openssl pkcs7 -in file.pem -outform DER -out file.der
Output all certificates in a file:
$ openssl pkcs7 -in file.pem -print_certs -out certs.pem

The PEM PKCS#7 format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN PKCS7----- 
-----END PKCS7-----
For compatibility with some CAs it will also accept: 
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

There is no option to print out all the fields of a PKCS#7 file.
The PKCS#7 routines only understand PKCS#7 v 1.5 as specified in RFC 2315. They cannot currently parse, for example, the new CMS as described in RFC 2630.

openssl pkcs8 [
-embed
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-nocrypt
] [
-noiter
] [
-nooct
] [
-nsdb
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-topk8
] [
-v1 alg
] [
-v2 alg
]
The pkcs8 command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
The options are as follows:
 
 
This option generates DSA keys in a broken format. The DSA parameters are embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this form the OCTET STRING contains an ASN1 SEQUENCE consisting of two structures: a SEQUENCE containing the parameters and an ASN1 INTEGER containing the private key.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkcs8 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a key from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected on input, then either a DER- or PEM-encoded version of a PKCS#8 key will be expected. Otherwise the DER or PEM format of the traditional format private key is used.
 
 
PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo structures using an appropriate password-based encryption algorithm. With this option, an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output. This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java code signing software use unencrypted private keys.
 
 
Use an iteration count of 1. See the PKCS12 section below for a detailed explanation of this option.
 
 
This option generates RSA private keys in a broken format that some software uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in an OCTET STRING, but some software just includes the structure itself without the surrounding OCTET STRING.
 
 
This option generates DSA keys in a broken format compatible with Netscape private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a SEQUENCE consisting of the public and private keys, respectively.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write a key to, or standard output by default. If any encryption options are set, a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
Normally, a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a traditional format private key will be written. With the -topk8 option the situation is reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key.
 
 
alg
This option specifies a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use. A complete list of possible algorithms is included below.
 
 
alg
This option enables the use of PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally, PKCS#8 private keys are encrypted with the password-based encryption algorithm called pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC; this uses 56-bit DES encryption but it was the strongest encryption algorithm supported in PKCS#5 v1.5. Using the -v2 option PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms are used which can use any encryption algorithm such as 168-bit triple DES or 128-bit RC2, however not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet. If using private keys with OpenSSL then this doesn't matter.
The alg argument is the encryption algorithm to use; valid values include des, des3, and rc2. It is recommended that des3 is used.

The encrypted form of a PEM-encoded PKCS#8 file uses the following headers and footers: 
-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY----- 
-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
The unencrypted form uses: 
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- 
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration counts are more secure than those encrypted using the traditional SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered important, the keys should be converted.
The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption that most current implementations of PKCS#8 support.
Some software may use PKCS#12 password-based encryption algorithms with PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically but there is no option to produce them.
It is possible to write out DER-encoded encrypted private keys in PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1 level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.

Various algorithms can be used with the -v1 command line option, including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail below.
PBE-MD2-DES | PBE-MD5-DES
These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification. They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use DES.
PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 | PBE-MD2-RC2-64 | PBE-MD5-RC2-64 | PBE-SHA1-DES
These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64-bit RC2 or 56-bit DES.
PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 | PBE-SHA1-3DES | PBE-SHA1-2DES
 
PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 | PBE-SHA1-RC2-40
These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password-based encryption algorithm and allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128-bit RC2 to be used.

Convert a private key from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple DES:
$ openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm (DES):
$ openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm (3DES): 
$ openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem \ 
	-v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
Read a DER-unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
$ openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format:
$ openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -out key.pem

Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration counts; several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private keys produced and therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these algorithms are concerned.
The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented: it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9; OpenSSL's default DSA PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.

There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm in use and other details such as the iteration count.
PKCS#8 using triple DES and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private key format; for OpenSSL compatibility, several of the utilities use the old format at present.

openssl pkcs12 [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3
] [
-cacerts
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-caname name
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-certfile file
] [
-certpbe alg
] [
-chain
] [
-clcerts
] [
-CSP name
] [
-descert
] [
-engine id
] [
-export
] [
-in file
] [
-info
] [
-inkey file
] [
-keyex
] [
-keypbe alg
] [
-keysig
] [
-macalg alg
] [
-maciter
] [
-name name
] [
-nocerts
] [
-nodes
] [
-noiter
] [
-nokeys
] [
-nomac
] [
-nomaciter
] [
-nomacver
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-twopass
]
The pkcs12 command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as PFX files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several programs including Netscape, MSIE and MS Outlook.
There are a lot of options; the meaning of some depends on whether a PKCS#12 file is being created or parsed. By default, a PKCS#12 file is parsed; a PKCS#12 file can be created by using the -export option (see below).

 
 
| | | |
Use AES, DES, or triple DES, respectively, to encrypt private keys before outputting. The default is triple DES.
 
 
Only output CA certificates (not client certificates).
 
 
Only output client certificates (not CA certificates).
 
 
file
This specifies the file of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used by default.
 
 
Output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used, and iteration counts.
 
 
No certificates at all will be output.
 
 
Don't encrypt the private keys at all.
 
 
No private keys will be output.
 
 
Don't attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file.
 
 
This option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file version of the PKCS#12 file.
 
 
file
The file to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by default. They are all written in PEM format.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
Prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software always assumes these are the same so this option will render such PKCS#12 files unreadable.

 
 
file
CA storage as a file.
 
 
directory
CA storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is, a hash of each subject name (using x509 -hash) should be linked to each certificate.
 
 
name
This specifies the “friendly name” for other certificates. This option may be used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates, whereas MSIE displays them.
 
 
file
A file to read additional certificates from.
 
 
alg, -keypbe alg
These options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name can be used (see the PKCS12 NOTES section for more information). If a cipher name (as output by the list-cipher-algorithms command) is specified then it is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms.
 
 
If this option is present, an attempt is made to include the entire certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard CA store is used for this search. If the search fails, it is considered a fatal error.
 
 
name
Write name as a Microsoft CSP name.
 
 
Encrypt the certificate using triple DES; this may render the PKCS#12 file unreadable by some “export grade” software. By default, the private key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using 40-bit RC2.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkcs12 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than parsed.
 
 
file
The file to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by default. They must all be in PEM format. The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional certificates are present, they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file.
 
 
file
File to read private key from. If not present, a private key must be present in the input file.
 
 
|
Specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. This option is only interpreted by MSIE and similar MS software. Normally, “export grade” software will only allow 512-bit RSA keys to be used for encryption purposes, but arbitrary length keys for signing. The -keysig option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and SSL client authentication; however, due to a bug only MSIE 5.0 and later support the use of signing only keys for SSL client authentication.
 
 
alg
Specify the MAC digest algorithm. If not included then SHA1 is used.
 
 
This option is included for compatibility with previous versions; it used to be needed to use MAC iterations counts but they are now used by default.
 
 
name
This specifies the “friendly name” for the certificate and private key. This name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
 
 
Don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity.
 
 
, -noiter
These options affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms. Unless you wish to produce files compatible with MSIE 4.0, you should leave these options alone.
To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords, the algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. By default, both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048; using these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1. Since this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you really have to. Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts. MSIE 4.0 doesn't support MAC iteration counts, so it needs the -nomaciter option.
 
 
file
This specifies file to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used by default.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.

Although there are a large number of options, most of them are very rarely used. For PKCS#12 file parsing, only -in and -out need to be used for PKCS#12 file creation. -export and -name are also used.
If none of the -clcerts, -cacerts, or -nocerts options are present, then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always be the case. Using the -clcerts option will solve this problem by only outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the CA certificates are required, they can be output to a separate file using the -nokeys and -cacerts options to just output CA certificates.
The -keypbe and -certpbe algorithms allow the precise encryption algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally, the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple DES encrypted private keys; then the option -keypbe PBE-SHA1-RC2-40 can be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40-bit RC2. A complete description of all algorithms is contained in the PKCS8 section above.

Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file:
$ openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem
Output only client certificates to a file:
$ openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -clcerts -out file.pem
Don't encrypt the private key:
$ openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem -nodes
Print some info about a PKCS#12 file:
$ openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -info -noout
Create a PKCS#12 file: 
$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 \ 
	-name "My Certificate"
Include some extra certificates: 
$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 \ 
	-name "My Certificate" -certfile othercerts.pem

Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :-)
Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug from other implementations (MSIE or Netscape) could not be decrypted by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256.
A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12 files can no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances the pkcs12 utility will report that the MAC is OK but fail with a decryption error when extracting private keys.
This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12 file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example: 
$ old-openssl -in bad.p12 -out keycerts.pem 
$ openssl -in keycerts.pem -export -name "My PKCS#12 file" \ 
	-out fixed.p12

openssl pkey [
cipher
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-pubin
] [
-pubout
] [
-text
] [
-text_pub
]
The pkey command processes public or private keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
The options are as follows:
 
 
cipher
These options encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by EVP_get_cipherbyname() is acceptable, such as des3.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkey to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input filename to read a key from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format, DER or PEM.
 
 
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
 
 
file
This specifies the output filename to write a key to, or standard output if this option is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
By default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read instead.
 
 
By default a private key is output: with this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key.
 
 
Print out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded version.
 
 
Print out only public key components even if a private key is being processed.

To remove the pass phrase on an RSA private key: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -out keyout.pem
To encrypt a private key using triple DES: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem
To convert a private key from PEM to DER format: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der
To print the components of a private key to standard output: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -text -noout
To print the public components of a private key to standard output: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -text_pub -noout
To just output the public part of a private key: 
$ openssl pkey -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem

openssl pkeyparam [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-text
]
The pkey command processes public or private keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
The options are as follows:
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkeyparam to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
 
 
file
This specifies the output filename to write parameters to, or standard output if this option is not specified.
 
 
Prints out the parameters in plain text in addition to the encoded version.

Print out text version of parameters: 
$ openssl pkeyparam -in param.pem -text

There are no -inform or -outform options for this command because only PEM format is supported because the key type is determined by the PEM headers.

openssl pkeyutl [
-asn1parse
] [
-certin
] [
-decrypt
] [
-derive
] [
-encrypt
] [
-engine id
] [
-hexdump
] [
-in file
] [
-inkey file
] [
-keyform DER | ENGINE | PEM
] [
-out file
] [
-passin arg
] [
-peerform DER | ENGINE | PEM
] [
-peerkey file
] [
-pkeyopt opt:value
] [
-pubin
] [
-rev
] [
-sigfile file
] [
-sign
] [
-verify
] [
-verifyrecover
]
The pkeyutl command can be used to perform public key operations using any supported algorithm.
The options are as follows:
 
 
ASN1parse the output data. This is useful when combined with the -verifyrecover option when an ASN1 structure is signed.
 
 
The input is a certificate containing a public key.
 
 
Decrypt the input data using a private key.
 
 
Derive a shared secret using the peer key.
 
 
Encrypt the input data using a public key.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkeyutl to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Hex dump the output data.
 
 
file
Specify the input filename to read data from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
file
The input key file. By default it should be a private key.
 
 
DER | ENGINE | PEM
The key format DER, ENGINE, or PEM.
 
 
file
Specify the output filename to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
DER | ENGINE | PEM
The peer key format DER, ENGINE, or PEM.
 
 
file
The peer key file, used by key derivation (agreement) operations.
 
 
opt:value
Public key options.
 
 
The input file is a public key.
 
 
Reverse the order of the input buffer. This is useful for some libraries (such as CryptoAPI) which represent the buffer in little endian format.
 
 
file
Signature file (verify operation only).
 
 
Sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires a private key.
 
 
Verify the input data against the signature file and indicate if the verification succeeded or failed.
 
 
Verify the input data and output the recovered data.

The operations and options supported vary according to the key algorithm and its implementation. The OpenSSL operations and options are indicated below.
Unless otherwise mentioned all algorithms support the digest:alg option which specifies the digest in use for sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations. The value alg should represent a digest name as used in the EVP_get_digestbyname() function, for example sha1.

The RSA algorithm supports the encrypt, decrypt, sign, verify, and verifyrecover operations in general. Some padding modes only support some of these operations however.
 
 
rsa_padding_mode:mode
This sets the RSA padding mode. Acceptable values for mode are pkcs1 for PKCS#1 padding; sslv3 for SSLv3 padding; none for no padding; oaep for OAEP mode; x931 for X9.31 mode; and pss for PSS.
In PKCS#1 padding if the message digest is not set then the supplied data is signed or verified directly instead of using a DigestInfo structure. If a digest is set then a DigestInfo structure is used and its length must correspond to the digest type.
For oeap mode only encryption and decryption is supported.
For x931 if the digest type is set it is used to format the block data; otherwise the first byte is used to specify the X9.31 digest ID. Sign, verify, and verifyrecover can be performed in this mode.
For pss mode only sign and verify are supported and the digest type must be specified.
 
 
rsa_pss_saltlen:len
For pss mode only this option specifies the salt length. Two special values are supported: -1 sets the salt length to the digest length. When signing -2 sets the salt length to the maximum permissible value. When verifying -2 causes the salt length to be automatically determined based on the PSS block structure.

The DSA algorithm supports the sign and verify operations. Currently there are no additional options other than digest. Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default.

The DH algorithm supports the derive operation and no additional options.

The EC algorithm supports the sign, verify, and derive operations. The sign and verify operations use ECDSA and derive uses ECDH. Currently there are no additional options other than digest. Only the SHA1 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default.

Sign some data using a private key: 
$ openssl pkeyutl -sign -in file -inkey key.pem -out sig
Recover the signed data (e.g. if an RSA key is used): 
$ openssl pkeyutl -verifyrecover -in sig -inkey key.pem
Verify the signature (e.g. a DSA key): 
$ openssl pkeyutl -verify -in file -sigfile sig \ 
	-inkey key.pem
Sign data using a message digest value (this is currently only valid for RSA): 
$ openssl pkeyutl -sign -in file -inkey key.pem \ 
	-out sig -pkeyopt digest:sha256
Derive a shared secret value: 
$ openssl pkeyutl -derive -inkey key.pem \ 
	-peerkey pubkey.pem -out secret

openssl prime [
-bits n
] [
-checks n
] [
-generate
] [
-hex
] [
-safe
] p
The prime command is used to generate prime numbers, or to check numbers for primality. Results are probabilistic: they have an exceedingly high likelihood of being correct, but are not guaranteed.
The options are as follows:
 
 
n
Specify the number of bits in the generated prime number. Must be used in conjunction with -generate.
 
 
n
Perform a Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test with n iterations. The default is 20.
 
 
Generate a pseudo-random prime number. Must be used in conjunction with -bits.
 
 
Output in hex format.
 
 
Generate only “safe” prime numbers (i.e. a prime p so that (p-1)/2 is also prime).
 
 
p
Test if number p is prime.

openssl rand [
-base64
] [
-engine id
] [
-hex
] [
-out file
] [
-rand file ...
] num
The rand command outputs num pseudo-random bytes after seeding the random number generator once. As in other openssl command line tools, PRNG seeding uses the file $HOME/.rnd or .rnd in addition to the files given in the -rand option. A new $HOME/.rnd or .rnd file will be written back if enough seeding was obtained from these sources.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Perform base64 encoding on the output.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause rand to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Specify hexadecimal output.
 
 
file
Write to file instead of standard output.
 
 
file ...
Use specified file or files, or EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)) for seeding the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.

openssl req [
-asn1-kludge
] [
-batch
] [
-config file
] [
-days n
] [
-engine id
] [
-extensions section
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-keyform DER | PEM
] [
-keyout file
] [
-md4 | -md5 | -sha1
] [
-modulus
] [
-nameopt option
] [
-new
] [
-newhdr
] [
-newkey arg
] [
-no-asn1-kludge
] [
-nodes
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-pubkey
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-reqexts section
] [
-reqopt option
] [
-set_serial n
] [
-subj arg
] [
-subject
] [
-text
] [
-utf8
] [
-verbose
] [
-verify
] [
-x509
]
The req command primarily creates and processes certificate requests in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self-signed certificates, for use as root CAs, for example.
The options are as follows:
 
 
By default, the req command outputs certificate requests containing no attributes in the correct PKCS#10 format. However certain CAs will only accept requests containing no attributes in an invalid form: this option produces this invalid format.
More precisely, the Attributes in a PKCS#10 certificate request are defined as a SET OF Attribute. They are not optional, so if no attributes are present then they should be encoded as an empty SET OF. The invalid form does not include the empty SET OF, whereas the correct form does.
It should be noted that very few CAs still require the use of this option.
 
 
Non-interactive mode.
 
 
file
This allows an alternative configuration file to be specified; this overrides the compile time filename or any specified in the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable.
 
 
n
When the -x509 option is being used, this specifies the number of days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause req to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
section, -reqexts section
These options specify alternative sections to include certificate extensions (if the -x509 option is present) or certificate request extensions. This allows several different sections to be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for a variety of purposes.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a request from, or standard input if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation options -new and -newkey are not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER argument uses an ASN1 DER-encoded form compatible with the PKCS#10. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines.
 
 
keyfile
This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files.
 
 
DER | PEM
The format of the private key file specified in the -key argument. PEM is the default.
 
 
file
This gives the file to write the newly created private key to. If this option is not specified, the filename present in the configuration file is used.
 
 
| |
This specifies the message digest to sign the request with. This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file.
Some public key algorithms may override this choice. For instance, DSA signatures always use SHA1.
 
 
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request.
 
 
option, -reqopt option
These options determine how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively, these options may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the X509 section below for details.
 
 
This option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions.
If the -key option is not used, it will generate a new RSA private key using information specified in the configuration file.
 
 
Adds the word NEW to the PEM file header and footer lines on the outputed request. Some software (Netscape certificate server) and some CAs need this.
 
 
arg
This option creates a new certificate request and a new private key. The argument takes one of several forms. rsa:nbits, where nbits is the number of bits, generates an RSA key nbits in size. If nbits is omitted, i.e. -newkey rsa specified, the default key size, specified in the configuration file, is used.
All other algorithms support the alg:file form, where file may be an algorithm parameter file, created by the genpkey -genparam command or an X.509 certificate for a key with approriate algorithm.
param:file generates a key using the parameter file or certificate file; the algorithm is determined by the parameters. algname:file use algorithm algname and parameter file file: the two algorithms must match or an error occurs. algname just uses algorithm algname, and parameters, if necessary, should be specified via the -pkeyopt option.
dsa:file generates a DSA key using the parameters in the file file.
 
 
Reverses the effect of -asn1-kludge.
 
 
If this option is specified and a private key is created, it will not be encrypted.
 
 
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
Outputs the public key.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
option
Customise the output format used with -text. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas.
See the discussion of the -certopt option in the x509 command.
 
 
n
Serial number to use when outputting a self-signed certificate. This may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by ‘0x’. It is possible to use negative serial numbers but this is not recommended.
 
 
arg
Replaces subject field of input request with specified data and outputs modified request. The arg must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...; characters may be escaped by ‘\’ (backslash); no spaces are skipped.
 
 
Prints out the request subject (or certificate subject if -x509 is specified.
 
 
Prints out the certificate request in text form.
 
 
This option causes field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings; by default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.
 
 
Print extra details about the operations being performed.
 
 
Verifies the signature on the request.
 
 
This option outputs a self-signed certificate instead of a certificate request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self-signed root CA. The extensions added to the certificate (if any) are specified in the configuration file. Unless specified using the -set_serial option, 0 will be used for the serial number.

The configuration options are specified in the req section of the configuration file. As with all configuration files, if no value is specified in the specific section (i.e. req) then the initial unnamed or default section is searched too.
The options available are described in detail below.
 
 
attributes
This specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format is the same as distinguished_name. Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored by OpenSSL's request signing utilities, but some CAs might want them.
 
 
default_bits
This specifies the default key size in bits. If not specified, 512 is used. It is used if the -new option is used. It can be overridden by using the -newkey option.
 
 
default_keyfile
This is the default file to write a private key to. If not specified, the key is written to standard output. This can be overridden by the -keyout option.
 
 
default_md
This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Possible values include md5 and sha1. If not present, MD5 is used. This option can be overridden on the command line.
 
 
distinguished_name
This specifies the section containing the distinguished name fields to prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format is described in the next section.
 
 
encrypt_key
If this is set to no and a private key is generated, it is not encrypted. This is equivalent to the -nodes command line option. For compatibility, encrypt_rsa_key is an equivalent option.
 
 
input_password | output_password
The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and the output private key file (if one will be created). The command line options -passin and -passout override the configuration file values.
 
 
oid_file
This specifies a file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERS. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier, followed by whitespace, then the short name followed by whitespace and finally the long name.
 
 
oid_section
This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by ‘=’ and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used.
 
 
prompt
If set to the value no, this disables prompting of certificate fields and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the expected format of the distinguished_name and attributes sections.
 
 
RANDFILE
This specifies a file in which random number seed information is placed and read from, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). It is used for private key generation.
 
 
req_extensions
This specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden by the -reqexts command line switch.
 
 
string_mask
This option masks out the use of certain string types in certain fields. Most users will not need to change this option.
It can be set to several values: default, which is also the default option, uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings; if the pkix value is used, then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will be used. This follows the PKIX recommendation in RFC 2459. If the -utf8only option is used, then only UTF8Strings will be used: this is the PKIX recommendation in RFC 2459 after 2003. Finally, the nombstr option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has problems with BMPStrings and UTF8Strings: in particular Netscape.
 
 
utf8
If set to the value yes, then field values are interpreted as UTF8 strings; by default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.
 
 
x509_extensions
This specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to a certificate generated when the -x509 switch is used. It can be overridden by the -extensions command line switch.

There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute sections. If the -prompt option is set to no, then these sections just consist of field names and values: for example, 
CN=My Name 
OU=My Organization 
emailAddress=someone@somewhere.org
This allows external programs (e.g. GUI based) to generate a template file with all the field names and values and just pass it to req. An example of this kind of configuration file is contained in the REQ EXAMPLES section.
Alternatively if the -prompt option is absent or not set to no, then the file contains field prompting information. It consists of lines of the form: 
fieldName="prompt" 
fieldName_default="default field value" 
fieldName_min= 2 
fieldName_max= 4
“fieldName” is the field name being used, for example commonName (or CN). The “prompt” string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details. If the user enters nothing, the default value is used; if no default value is present, the field is omitted. A field can still be omitted if a default value is present, if the user just enters the ‘.’ character.
The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString).
Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once in a DN. This presents a problem because configuration files will not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem, if the fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop, they will be ignored. So, for example, a second organizationName can be input by calling it “1.organizationName”.
The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName, organizationUnitName, stateOrProvinceName. Additionally, emailAddress is included as well as name, surname, givenName initials and dnQualifier.
Additional object identifiers can be defined with the oid_file or oid_section options in the configuration file. Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString.

Examine and verify a certificate request:
$ openssl req -in req.pem -text -verify -noout
Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it: 
$ openssl genrsa -out key.pem 2048 
$ openssl req -new -key key.pem -out req.pem
The same but just using req:
$ openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem
Generate a self-signed root certificate:
$ openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem
Example of a file pointed to by the oid_file option: 
1.2.3.4        shortName       A longer Name 
1.2.3.6        otherName       Other longer Name
Example of a section pointed to by oid_section making use of variable expansion: 
testoid1=1.2.3.5 
testoid2=${testoid1}.6
Sample configuration file prompting for field values: 
 [ req ] 
 default_bits           = 1024 
 default_keyfile        = privkey.pem 
 distinguished_name     = req_distinguished_name 
 attributes             = req_attributes 
 x509_extensions        = v3_ca 
 
 dirstring_type = nobmp 
 
 [ req_distinguished_name ] 
 countryName                    = Country Name (2 letter code) 
 countryName_default            = AU 
 countryName_min                = 2 
 countryName_max                = 2 
 
 localityName                   = Locality Name (eg, city) 
 
 organizationalUnitName         = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) 
 
 commonName                     = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 
 commonName_max                 = 64 
 
 emailAddress                   = Email Address 
 emailAddress_max               = 40 
 
 [ req_attributes ] 
 challengePassword              = A challenge password 
 challengePassword_min          = 4 
 challengePassword_max          = 20 
 
 [ v3_ca ] 
 
 subjectKeyIdentifier=hash 
 authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always 
 basicConstraints = CA:true
Sample configuration containing all field values: 
 RANDFILE               = $ENV::HOME/.rnd 
 
 [ req ] 
 default_bits           = 1024 
 default_keyfile        = keyfile.pem 
 distinguished_name     = req_distinguished_name 
 attributes             = req_attributes 
 prompt                 = no 
 output_password        = mypass 
 
 [ req_distinguished_name ] 
 C                      = GB 
 ST                     = Test State or Province 
 L                      = Test Locality 
 O                      = Organization Name 
 OU                     = Organizational Unit Name 
 CN                     = Common Name 
 emailAddress           = test@email.address 
 
 [ req_attributes ] 
 challengePassword              = A challenge password

The header and footer lines in the PEM format are normally: 
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- 
-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
Some software (some versions of Netscape certificate server) instead needs: 
-----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- 
-----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
which is produced with the -newhdr option but is otherwise compatible. Either form is accepted transparently on input.
The certificate requests generated by Xenroll with MSIE have extensions added. It includes the keyUsage extension which determines the type of key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension.

The following messages are frequently asked about: 
Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf 
Unable to load config info
This is followed some time later by... 
unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config 
problems making Certificate Request
The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of certificates or requests, however, do need a configuration file. This could be regarded as a bug.
Another puzzling message is this: 
Attributes: 
    a0:00
This is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes the correct empty SET OF structure (the DER encoding of which is 0xa0 0x00). If you just see:
Attributes:
then the SET OF is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option -asn1-kludge for more information.

The variable OPENSSL_CONF, if defined, allows an alternative configuration file location to be specified; it will be overridden by the -config command line switch if it is present. For compatibility reasons the SSLEAY_CONF environment variable serves the same purpose but its use is discouraged.

OpenSSL's handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively treats them as ISO 8859-1 (Latin 1); Netscape and MSIE have similar behaviour. This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings.
As a consequence of the T61String handling, the only correct way to represent accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape and MSIE then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form.
The current prompting is not very friendly. It doesn't allow you to confirm what you've just entered. Other things, like extensions in certificate requests, are statically defined in the configuration file. Some of these, like an email address in subjectAltName, should be input by the user.

openssl rsa [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3
] [
-check
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | NET | PEM
] [
-modulus
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | NET | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-passout arg
] [
-pubin
] [
-pubout
] [
-sgckey
] [
-text
]
The rsa command processes RSA keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out.
Note: this command uses the traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the pkcs8 utility.
The options are as follows:
 
 
| | | |
These options encrypt the private key with the AES, DES, or the triple DES ciphers, respectively, before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options are specified, the key is written in plain text. This means that using the rsa utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be used to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
 
 
This option checks the consistency of an RSA private key.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause rsa to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a key from, or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted, a pass phrase will be prompted for.
 
 
DER | NET | PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER argument uses an ASN1 DER-encoded form compatible with the PKCS#1 RSAPrivateKey or SubjectPublicKeyInfo format. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines. On input PKCS#8 format private keys are also accepted. The NET form is a format described in the RSA NOTES section.
 
 
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
 
 
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the key.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write a key to, or standard output if this option is not specified. If any encryption options are set, a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the same as the input filename.
 
 
DER | NET | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
arg
The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
By default, a private key is read from the input file; with this option a public key is read instead.
 
 
By default, a private key is output; with this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key.
 
 
Use the modified NET algorithm used with some versions of Microsoft IIS and SGC keys.
 
 
Prints out the various public or private key components in plain text, in addition to the encoded version.

The PEM private key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
The PEM public key format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- 
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
The NET form is a format compatible with older Netscape servers and Microsoft IIS .key files; this uses unsalted RC4 for its encryption. It is not very secure and so should only be used when necessary.
Some newer version of IIS have additional data in the exported .key files. To use these with the rsa utility, view the file with a binary editor and look for the string “private-key”, then trace back to the byte sequence 0x30, 0x82 (this is an ASN1 SEQUENCE). Copy all the data from this point onwards to another file and use that as the input to the rsa utility with the -inform NET option. If there is an error after entering the password, try the -sgckey option.

To remove the pass phrase on an RSA private key:
$ openssl rsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem
To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
$ openssl rsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem
To convert a private key from PEM to DER format:
$ openssl rsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
$ openssl rsa -in key.pem -text -noout
To just output the public part of a private key:
$ openssl rsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem

The command line password arguments don't currently work with NET format.
There should be an option that automatically handles .key files, without having to manually edit them.

openssl rsautl [
-asn1parse
] [
-certin
] [
-decrypt
] [
-encrypt
] [
-engine id
] [
-hexdump
] [
-in file
] [
-inkey file
] [
-keyform DER | PEM
] [
-oaep | -pkcs | -raw | -ssl
] [
-out file
] [
-pubin
] [
-sign
] [
-verify
]
The rsautl command can be used to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt data using the RSA algorithm.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Asn1parse the output data; this is useful when combined with the -verify option.
 
 
The input is a certificate containing an RSA public key.
 
 
Decrypt the input data using an RSA private key.
 
 
Encrypt the input data using an RSA public key.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause rsautl to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Hex dump the output data.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read data from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
file
The input key file, by default it should be an RSA private key.
 
 
DER | PEM
Private ket format. Default is PEM.
 
 
| | |
The padding to use: PKCS#1 OAEP, PKCS#1 v1.5 (the default), or no padding, respectively. For signatures, only -pkcs and -raw can be used.
 
 
file
Specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
The input file is an RSA public key.
 
 
Sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires an RSA private key.
 
 
Verify the input data and output the recovered data.

rsautl, because it uses the RSA algorithm directly, can only be used to sign or verify small pieces of data.

Sign some data using a private key:
$ openssl rsautl -sign -in file -inkey key.pem -out sig
Recover the signed data:
$ openssl rsautl -verify -in sig -inkey key.pem
Examine the raw signed data:
 $ openssl rsautl -verify -in file -inkey key.pem -raw -hexdump 
 0000 - 00 01 ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0010 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0020 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0030 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0040 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0050 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0060 - ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff   ................ 
 0070 - ff ff ff ff 00 68 65 6c-6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64   .....hello world
The PKCS#1 block formatting is evident from this. If this was done using encrypt and decrypt, the block would have been of type 2 (the second byte) and random padding data visible instead of the 0xff bytes.
It is possible to analyse the signature of certificates using this utility in conjunction with asn1parse. Consider the self-signed example in certs/pca-cert.pem: running asn1parse as follows yields:
 $ openssl asn1parse -in pca-cert.pem 
    0:d=0  hl=4 l= 742 cons: SEQUENCE 
    4:d=1  hl=4 l= 591 cons:  SEQUENCE 
    8:d=2  hl=2 l=   3 cons:   cont [ 0 ] 
   10:d=3  hl=2 l=   1 prim:    INTEGER           :02 
   13:d=2  hl=2 l=   1 prim:   INTEGER           :00 
   16:d=2  hl=2 l=  13 cons:   SEQUENCE 
   18:d=3  hl=2 l=   9 prim:    OBJECT            :md5WithRSAEncryption 
   29:d=3  hl=2 l=   0 prim:    NULL 
   31:d=2  hl=2 l=  92 cons:   SEQUENCE 
   33:d=3  hl=2 l=  11 cons:    SET 
   35:d=4  hl=2 l=   9 cons:     SEQUENCE 
   37:d=5  hl=2 l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :countryName 
   42:d=5  hl=2 l=   2 prim:      PRINTABLESTRING   :AU 
  .... 
  599:d=1  hl=2 l=  13 cons:  SEQUENCE 
  601:d=2  hl=2 l=   9 prim:   OBJECT            :md5WithRSAEncryption 
  612:d=2  hl=2 l=   0 prim:   NULL 
  614:d=1  hl=3 l= 129 prim:  BIT STRING
The final BIT STRING contains the actual signature. It can be extracted with:
$ openssl asn1parse -in pca-cert.pem -out sig -noout -strparse 614
The certificate public key can be extracted with:
$ openssl x509 -in test/testx509.pem -pubkey -noout >pubkey.pem
The signature can be analysed with:
 $ openssl rsautl -in sig -verify -asn1parse -inkey pubkey.pem -pubin 
    0:d=0  hl=2 l=  32 cons: SEQUENCE 
    2:d=1  hl=2 l=  12 cons:  SEQUENCE 
    4:d=2  hl=2 l=   8 prim:   OBJECT            :md5 
   14:d=2  hl=2 l=   0 prim:   NULL 
   16:d=1  hl=2 l=  16 prim:  OCTET STRING 
   0000 - f3 46 9e aa 1a 4a 73 c9-37 ea 93 00 48 25 08 b5  .F...Js.7...H%..
This is the parsed version of an ASN1 DigestInfo structure. It can be seen that the digest used was MD5. The actual part of the certificate that was signed can be extracted with:
$ openssl asn1parse -in pca-cert.pem -out tbs -noout -strparse 4
and its digest computed with:
$ openssl md5 -c tbs
MD5(tbs)= f3:46:9e:aa:1a:4a:73:c9:37:ea:93:00:48:25:08:b5
which it can be seen agrees with the recovered value above.

openssl s_client [
-4 | -6
] [
-bugs
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-cert file
] [
-check_ss_sig
] [
-cipher cipherlist
] [
-connect host:port | host/port
] [
-crl_check
] [
-crl_check_all
] [
-crlf
] [
-debug
] [
-engine id
] [
-extended_crl
] [
-ign_eof
] [
-ignore_critical
] [
-issuer_checks
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-msg
] [
-nbio
] [
-nbio_test
] [
-no_ssl3
] [
-no_ticket
] [
-no_tls1
] [
-pause
] [
-policy_check
] [
-prexit
] [
-psk key
] [
-psk_identity identity
] [
-quiet
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-reconnect
] [
-showcerts
] [
-ssl3
] [
-starttls protocol
] [
-state
] [
-tls1
] [
-tlsextdebug
] [
-verify depth
] [
-x509_strict
]
The s_client command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a remote host using SSL/TLS. It is a very useful diagnostic tool for SSL servers.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Specify that s_client should attempt connections using IPv4 only.
 
 
Specify that s_client should attempt connections using IPv6 only.
 
 
There are several known bugs in SSL and TLS implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds.
 
 
file
A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
 
 
directory
The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in “hash format”; see -verify for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain.
 
 
file
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate.
 
 
, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -issuer_checks, -policy_check, -x509_strict
Set various certificate chain validation options. See the VERIFY command for details.
 
 
cipherlist
This allows the cipher list sent by the client to be modified. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used, it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the CIPHERS section above for more information.
 
 
host:port | host/port
This specifies the host and optional port to connect to. If not specified, an attempt is made to connect to the local host on port 4433. Alternatively, the host and port pair may be separated using a forward-slash character. This form is useful for numeric IPv6 addresses.
 
 
This option translates a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF as required by some servers.
 
 
Print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause s_client to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Inhibit shutting down the connection when end of file is reached in the input.
 
 
keyfile
The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used.
 
 
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
 
 
Turns on non-blocking I/O.
 
 
Tests non-blocking I/O.
 
 
| | |
These options disable the use of certain SSL or TLS protocols. By default, the initial handshake uses a method which should be compatible with all servers and permit them to use SSL v3 or TLS as appropriate.
Unfortunately there are a lot of ancient and broken servers in use which cannot handle this technique and will fail to connect. Some servers only work if TLS is turned off with the -no_tls option.
 
 
Disable RFC 4507 session ticket support.
 
 
Pauses 1 second between each read and write call.
 
 
Print session information when the program exits. This will always attempt to print out information even if the connection fails. Normally, information will only be printed out once if the connection succeeds. This option is useful because the cipher in use may be renegotiated or the connection may fail because a client certificate is required or is requested only after an attempt is made to access a certain URL. Note: the output produced by this option is not always accurate because a connection might never have been established.
 
 
key
Use the PSK key key when using a PSK cipher suite. The key is given as a hexadecimal number without the leading 0x, for example -psk 1a2b3c4d.
 
 
identity
Use the PSK identity identity when using a PSK cipher suite.
 
 
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information. This implicitly turns on -ign_eof as well.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
Reconnects to the same server 5 times using the same session ID; this can be used as a test that session caching is working.
 
 
Display the whole server certificate chain: normally only the server certificate itself is displayed.
 
 
protocol
Send the protocol-specific message(s) to switch to TLS for communication. protocol is a keyword for the intended protocol. Currently, the supported keywords are “ftp”, “imap”, “smtp”, “pop3”, and “xmpp”.
 
 
Prints out the SSL session states.
 
 
Print out a hex dump of any TLS extensions received from the server.
 
 
depth
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification. Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure.

If a connection is established with an SSL server, any data received from the server is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the server. When used interactively (which means neither -quiet nor -ign_eof have been given), the session will be renegotiated if the line begins with an R; if the line begins with a Q or if end of file is reached, the connection will be closed down.

s_client can be used to debug SSL servers. To connect to an SSL HTTP server the command:
$ openssl s_client -connect servername:443
would typically be used (HTTPS uses port 443). If the connection succeeds, an HTTP command can be given such as “GET” to retrieve a web page.
If the handshake fails, there are several possible causes; if it is nothing obvious like no client certificate, then the -bugs, -ssl3, -tls1, -no_ssl3, and -no_tls1 options can be tried in case it is a buggy server. In particular these options should be tried before submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list.
A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending the client's certificate authority in its “acceptable CA list” when it requests a certificate. By using s_client the CA list can be viewed and checked. However some servers only request client authentication after a specific URL is requested. To obtain the list in this case it is necessary to use the -prexit option and send an HTTP request for an appropriate page.
If a certificate is specified on the command line using the -cert option, it will not be used unless the server specifically requests a client certificate. Therefore merely including a client certificate on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works.
If there are problems verifying a server certificate, the -showcerts option can be used to show the whole chain.
Compression methods are only supported for -tls1.

Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the techniques used are rather old, the C source of s_client is rather hard to read and not a model of how things should be done. A typical SSL client program would be much simpler.
The -verify option should really exit if the server verification fails.
The -prexit option is a bit of a hack. We should really report information whenever a session is renegotiated.

openssl s_server [
-accept port
] [
-bugs
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-cert file
] [
-cipher cipherlist
] [
-context id
] [
-crl_check
] [
-crl_check_all
] [
-crlf
] [
-dcert file
] [
-debug
] [
-dhparam file
] [
-dkey file
] [
-engine id
] [
-hack
] [
-HTTP
] [
-id_prefix arg
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-msg
] [
-nbio
] [
-nbio_test
] [
-no_dhe
] [
-no_ssl3
] [
-no_tls1
] [
-no_tmp_rsa
] [
-nocert
] [
-psk key
] [
-psk_hint hint
] [
-quiet
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-serverpref
] [
-ssl3
] [
-state
] [
-tls1
] [
-Verify depth
] [
-verify depth
] [
-WWW
] [
-www
]
The s_server command implements a generic SSL/TLS server which listens for connections on a given port using SSL/TLS.
The options are as follows:
 
 
port
The TCP port to listen on for connections. If not specified, 4433 is used.
 
 
There are several known bugs in SSL and TLS implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds.
 
 
file
A file containing trusted certificates to use during client authentication and to use when attempting to build the server certificate chain. The list is also used in the list of acceptable client CAs passed to the client when a certificate is requested.
 
 
directory
The directory to use for client certificate verification. This directory must be in “hash format”; see -verify for more information. These are also used when building the server certificate chain.
 
 
file
The certificate to use; most server's cipher suites require the use of a certificate and some require a certificate with a certain public key type: for example the DSS cipher suites require a certificate containing a DSS (DSA) key. If not specified, the file server.pem will be used.
 
 
cipherlist
This allows the cipher list used by the server to be modified. When the client sends a list of supported ciphers, the first client cipher also included in the server list is used. Because the client specifies the preference order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See the CIPHERS section for more information.
 
 
id
Sets the SSL context ID. It can be given any string value. If this option is not present, a default value will be used.
 
 
, -crl_check_all
Check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its CA. The CRLs are appended to the certificate file. With the -crl_check_all option, all CRLs of all CAs in the chain are checked.
 
 
This option translates a line feed from the terminal into CR+LF.
 
 
file, -dkey file
Specify an additional certificate and private key; these behave in the same manner as the -cert and -key options except there is no default if they are not specified (no additional certificate or key is used). As noted above some cipher suites require a certificate containing a key of a certain type. Some cipher suites need a certificate carrying an RSA key and some a DSS (DSA) key. By using RSA and DSS certificates and keys, a server can support clients which only support RSA or DSS cipher suites by using an appropriate certificate.
 
 
Print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic.
 
 
file
The DH parameter file to use. The ephemeral DH cipher suites generate keys using a set of DH parameters. If not specified, an attempt is made to load the parameters from the server certificate file. If this fails, a static set of parameters hard coded into the s_server program will be used.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause s_server to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
This option enables a further workaround for some early Netscape SSL code (?).
 
 
Emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the current directory; for example if the URL https://myhost/page.html is requested, the file ./page.html will be loaded. The files loaded are assumed to contain a complete and correct HTTP response (lines that are part of the HTTP response line and headers must end with CRLF).
 
 
arg
Generate SSL/TLS session IDs prefixed by arg. This is mostly useful for testing any SSL/TLS code (e.g. proxies) that wish to deal with multiple servers, when each of which might be generating a unique range of session IDs (e.g. with a certain prefix).
 
 
keyfile
The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used.
 
 
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
 
 
Turns on non-blocking I/O.
 
 
Tests non-blocking I/O.
 
 
If this option is set, no DH parameters will be loaded, effectively disabling the ephemeral DH cipher suites.
 
 
| | |
These options disable the use of certain SSL or TLS protocols. By default, the initial handshake uses a method which should be compatible with all servers and permit them to use SSL v3 or TLS as appropriate.
 
 
Certain export cipher suites sometimes use a temporary RSA key; this option disables temporary RSA key generation.
 
 
If this option is set, no certificate is used. This restricts the cipher suites available to the anonymous ones (currently just anonymous DH).
 
 
key
Use the PSK key key when using a PSK cipher suite. The key is given as a hexadecimal number without the leading 0x, for example -psk 1a2b3c4d.
 
 
hint
Use the PSK identity hint hint when using a PSK cipher suite.
 
 
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
Use server's cipher preferences.
 
 
Prints out the SSL session states.
 
 
Emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the current directory; for example if the URL https://myhost/page.html is requested, the file ./page.html will be loaded.
 
 
Sends a status message back to the client when it connects. This includes lots of information about the ciphers used and various session parameters. The output is in HTML format so this option will normally be used with a web browser.
 
 
depth, -verify depth
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the client certificate chain and makes the server request a certificate from the client. With the -Verify option, the client must supply a certificate or an error occurs. With the -verify option, a certificate is requested but the client does not have to send one.

If a connection request is established with an SSL client and neither the -www nor the -WWW option has been used, then normally any data received from the client is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the client.
Certain single letter commands are also recognized which perform special operations: these are listed below.
 
 
P
Send some plain text down the underlying TCP connection: this should cause the client to disconnect due to a protocol violation.
 
 
Q
End the current SSL connection and exit.
 
 
q
End the current SSL connection, but still accept new connections.
 
 
R
Renegotiate the SSL session and request a client certificate.
 
 
r
Renegotiate the SSL session.
 
 
S
Print out some session cache status information.

s_server can be used to debug SSL clients. To accept connections from a web browser the command:
$ openssl s_server -accept 443 -www
can be used, for example.
Most web browsers (in particular Netscape and MSIE) only support RSA cipher suites, so they cannot connect to servers which don't use a certificate carrying an RSA key or a version of OpenSSL with RSA disabled.
Although specifying an empty list of CAs when requesting a client certificate is strictly speaking a protocol violation, some SSL clients interpret this to mean any CA is acceptable. This is useful for debugging purposes.
The session parameters can printed out using the sess_id program.

Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the techniques used are rather old, the C source of s_server is rather hard to read and not a model of how things should be done. A typical SSL server program would be much simpler.
The output of common ciphers is wrong: it just gives the list of ciphers that OpenSSL recognizes and the client supports.
There should be a way for the s_server program to print out details of any unknown cipher suites a client says it supports.

openssl s_time [
-bugs
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-cert file
] [
-cipher cipherlist
] [
-connect host:port
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-nbio
] [
-new
] [
-reuse
] [
-ssl3
] [
-time seconds
] [
-verify depth
] [
-www page
]
The s_client command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a remote host using SSL/TLS. It can request a page from the server and includes the time to transfer the payload data in its timing measurements. It measures the number of connections within a given timeframe, the amount of data transferred (if any), and calculates the average time spent for one connection.
The options are as follows:
 
 
There are several known bugs in SSL and TLS implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds.
 
 
file
A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
 
 
directory
The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in “hash format”; see verify for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain.
 
 
file
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate. The file is in PEM format.
 
 
cipherlist
This allows the cipher list sent by the client to be modified. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used, it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the ciphers command for more information.
 
 
host:port
This specifies the host and optional port to connect to.
 
 
keyfile
The private key to use. If not specified, the certificate file will be used. The file is in PEM format.
 
 
Turns on non-blocking I/O.
 
 
Performs the timing test using a new session ID for each connection. If neither -new nor -reuse are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence.
 
 
Performs the timing test using the same session ID; this can be used as a test that session caching is working. If neither -new nor -reuse are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence.
 
 
This option disables the use of certain SSL or TLS protocols. By default, the initial handshake uses a method which should be compatible with all servers and permit them to use SSL v3 or TLS as appropriate. The timing program is not as rich in options to turn protocols on and off as the s_client program and may not connect to all servers.
Unfortunately there are a lot of ancient and broken servers in use which cannot handle this technique and will fail to connect. Some servers only work if TLS is turned off with the -ssl3 option.
 
 
seconds
Specifies how long (in seconds) s_time should establish connections and optionally transfer payload data from a server. The default is 30 seconds. Server and client performance and the link speed determine how many connections s_time can establish.
 
 
depth
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification. Currently the verify operation continues after errors, so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect, the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure.
 
 
page
This specifies the page to GET from the server. A value of ‘/’ gets the index.htm[l] page. If this parameter is not specified, s_time will only perform the handshake to establish SSL connections but not transfer any payload data.

s_client can be used to measure the performance of an SSL connection. To connect to an SSL HTTP server and get the default page the command 
$ openssl s_time -connect servername:443 -www / -CApath yourdir \ 
	-CAfile yourfile.pem -cipher commoncipher [-ssl3]
would typically be used (HTTPS uses port 443). “commoncipher” is a cipher to which both client and server can agree; see the ciphers command for details.
If the handshake fails, there are several possible causes: if it is nothing obvious like no client certificate, the -bugs and -ssl3 options can be tried in case it is a buggy server. In particular you should play with these options before submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list.
A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending the clients certificate authority in its “acceptable CA list” when it requests a certificate. By using s_client, the CA list can be viewed and checked. However some servers only request client authentication after a specific URL is requested. To obtain the list in this case, it is necessary to use the -prexit option of s_client and send an HTTP request for an appropriate page.
If a certificate is specified on the command line using the -cert option, it will not be used unless the server specifically requests a client certificate. Therefore merely including a client certificate on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works.

Because this program does not have all the options of the s_client program to turn protocols on and off, you may not be able to measure the performance of all protocols with all servers.
The -verify option should really exit if the server verification fails.

openssl sess_id [
-cert
] [
-context ID
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | PEM
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM
] [
-text
]
The sess_id program processes the encoded version of the SSL session structure and optionally prints out SSL session details (for example the SSL session master key) in human readable format. Since this is a diagnostic tool that needs some knowledge of the SSL protocol to use properly, most users will not need to use it.
The options are as follows:
 
 
If a certificate is present in the session, it will be output using this option; if the -text option is also present, then it will be printed out in text form.
 
 
ID
This option can set the session ID so the output session information uses the supplied ID. The ID can be any string of characters. This option won't normally be used.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read session information from, or standard input by default.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER argument uses an ASN1 DER-encoded format containing session details. The precise format can vary from one version to the next. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64-encoded with additional header and footer lines.
 
 
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the session.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write session information to, or standard output if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
Prints out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded version.

Typical output: 
SSL-Session: 
    Protocol  : TLSv1 
    Cipher    : 0016 
    Session-ID: 871E62626C554CE95488823752CBD5F3673A3EF3DCE9C67BD916C809914B40ED 
    Session-ID-ctx: 01000000 
    Master-Key: A7CEFC571974BE02CAC305269DC59F76EA9F0B180CB6642697A68251F2D2BB57E51DBBB4C7885573192AE9AEE220FACD 
    Key-Arg   : None 
    Start Time: 948459261 
    Timeout   : 300 (sec) 
    Verify return code 0 (ok)
These are described below in more detail.
Protocol
This is the protocol in use: TLSv1 or SSLv3.
Cipher
The cipher used is the actual raw SSL or TLS cipher code; see the SSL or TLS specifications for more information.
Session-ID
The SSL session ID in hex format.
Session-ID-ctx
The session ID context in hex format.
Master-Key
This is the SSL session master key.
Key-Arg
The key argument; this is only used in SSL v2.
Start Time
This is the session start time, represented as an integer in standard UNIX format.
Timeout
The timeout in seconds.
Verify return code
This is the return code when an SSL client certificate is verified.

The PEM-encoded session format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN SSL SESSION PARAMETERS----- 
-----END SSL SESSION PARAMETERS-----
Since the SSL session output contains the master key, it is possible to read the contents of an encrypted session using this information. Therefore appropriate security precautions should be taken if the information is being output by a “real” application. This is, however, strongly discouraged and should only be used for debugging purposes.

The cipher and start time should be printed out in human readable form.

openssl smime [
-aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -des | -des3 | -rc2-40 | -rc2-64 | -rc2-128
] [
-binary
] [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-certfile file
] [
-check_ss_sig
] [
-content file
] [
-crl_check
] [
-crl_check_all
] [
-decrypt
] [
-encrypt
] [
-engine id
] [
-extended_crl
] [
-from addr
] [
-ignore_critical
] [
-in file
] [
-indef
] [
-inform DER | PEM | SMIME
] [
-inkey file
] [
-issuer_checks
] [
-keyform ENGINE | PEM
] [
-md digest
] [
-noattr
] [
-nocerts
] [
-nochain
] [
-nodetach
] [
-noindef
] [
-nointern
] [
-nosigs
] [
-noverify
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | PEM | SMIME
] [
-passin arg
] [
-pk7out
] [
-policy_check
] [
-rand file ...
] [
-recip file
] [
-resign
] [
-sign
] [
-signer file
] [
-stream
] [
-subject s
] [
-text
] [
-to addr
] [
-verify
] [
-x509_strict
] [
cert.pem ...
]
The smime command handles S/MIME mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify S/MIME messages.
There are six operation options that set the type of operation to be performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type.
The six operation options are as follows:
 
 
Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an encrypted mail message in MIME format for the input file. The decrypted mail is written to the output file.
 
 
Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in MIME format.
 
 
Takes an input message and writes out a PEM-encoded PKCS#7 structure.
 
 
Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers.
 
 
Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is the message to be signed. The signed message in MIME format is written to the output file.
 
 
Verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported.
The reamaining options are as follows:
 
 
| | | | | | |
The encryption algorithm to use. 128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES, DES (56 bits), triple DES (168 bits), or 40-, 64-, or 128-bit RC2, respectively; if not specified, 40-bit RC2 is used. Only used with -encrypt.
 
 
Normally, the input message is converted to “canonical” format which is effectively using CR and LF as end of line - as required by the S/MIME specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format.
 
 
file
A file containing trusted CA certificates; only used with -verify.
 
 
directory
A directory containing trusted CA certificates; only used with -verify. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is, a hash of each subject name (using x509 -hash) should be linked to each certificate.
 
 
cert.pem ...
One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message.
 
 
file
Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing, these will be included with the message. When verifying, these will be searched for the signers' certificates. The certificates should be in PEM format.
 
 
, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -issuer_checks, -policy_check, -x509_strict
Set various certificate chain validation options. See the VERIFY command for details.
 
 
file
This specifies a file containing the detached content. This is only useful with the -verify command. This is only usable if the PKCS#7 structure is using the detached signature form where the content is not included. This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause smime to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
addr, -subject s, -to addr
The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may be included manually. When signing, many S/MIME mail clients check that the signer's certificate email address matches the From: address.
 
 
file
The input message to be encrypted or signed or the MIME message to be decrypted or verified.
 
 
Enable streaming I/O for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if the output format is SMIME; it is currently off by default for all other operations.
 
 
DER | PEM | SMIME
This specifies the input format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default is SMIME, which reads an S/MIME format message. PEM and DER format change this to expect PEM and DER format PKCS#7 structures instead. This currently only affects the input format of the PKCS#7 structure; if no PKCS#7 structure is being input (for example with -encrypt or -sign), this option has no effect.
 
 
file
The private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified, the private key must be included in the certificate file specified with the -recip or -signer file. When signing, this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys.
 
 
ENGINE | PEM
Input private key format.
 
 
digest
The digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key is used (usually SHA1).
 
 
Normally, when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this option they are not included.
 
 
When signing a message, the signer's certificate is normally included; with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signer's certificate available locally (passed using the -certfile option, for example).
 
 
Do not do chain verification of signers' certificates: that is, don't use the certificates in the signed message as untrusted CAs.
 
 
When signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with the MIME type multipart/signed is used.
 
 
Disable streaming I/O where it would produce an encoding of indefinite length. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it.
 
 
When verifying a message, normally certificates (if any) included in the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option, only the certificates specified in the -certfile option are used. The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however.
 
 
Don't try to verify the signatures on the message.
 
 
Do not verify the signer's certificate of a signed message.
 
 
file
The message text that has been decrypted or verified, or the output MIME format message that has been signed or verified.
 
 
DER | PEM | SMIME
This specifies the output format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default is SMIME, which writes an S/MIME format message. PEM and DER format change this to write PEM and DER format PKCS#7 structures instead. This currently only affects the output format of the PKCS#7 structure; if no PKCS#7 structure is being output (for example with -verify or -decrypt) this option has no effect.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
file ...
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a ‘:’.
 
 
file
The recipients certificate when decrypting a message. This certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs.
 
 
file
A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message; this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being verified, the signer's certificates will be written to this file if the verification was successful.
 
 
The same as -indef.
 
 
This option adds plain text (text/plain) MIME headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying, it strips off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of MIME type text/plain then an error occurs.

The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to achieve the correct format.
The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary MIME headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it properly (if at all). You can use the -text option to automatically add plain text headers.
A “signed and encrypted” message is one where a signed message is then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message: see the SMIME EXAMPLES section.
This version of the program only allows one signer per message, but it will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign messages “in parallel” by signing an already signed message.
The options -encrypt and -decrypt reflect common usage in S/MIME clients. Strictly speaking these process PKCS#7 enveloped data: PKCS#7 encrypted data is used for other purposes.
The -resign option uses an existing message digest when adding a new signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail.
The -stream and -indef options enable experimental streaming I/O support. As a result the encoding is BER using indefinite length constructed encoding and no longer DER. Streaming is supported for the -encrypt and -sign operations if the content is not detached.
Streaming is always used for the -sign operation with detached data but since the content is no longer part of the PKCS#7 structure the encoding remains DER.

 
 
0
The operation was completely successful.
 
 
1
An error occurred parsing the command options.
 
 
2
One of the input files could not be read.
 
 
3
An error occurred creating the PKCS#7 file or when reading the MIME message.
 
 
4
An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.
 
 
5
The message was verified correctly, but an error occurred writing out the signer's certificates.

Create a cleartext signed message: 
$ openssl smime -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \ 
	-signer mycert.pem
Create an opaque signed message: 
$ openssl smime -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \ 
	-nodetach -signer mycert.pem
Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and read the private key from another file: 
$ openssl smime -sign -in in.txt -text -out mail.msg \ 
	-signer mycert.pem -inkey mykey.pem -certfile mycerts.pem
Create a signed message with two signers: 
openssl smime -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \ 
	-signer mycert.pem -signer othercert.pem
Send a signed message under UNIX directly to sendmail(8), including headers: 
$ openssl smime -sign -in in.txt -text -signer mycert.pem \ 
	-from steve@openssl.org -to someone@somewhere \ 
	-subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere
Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful: 
$ openssl smime -verify -in mail.msg -signer user.pem \ 
	-out signedtext.txt
Send encrypted mail using triple DES: 
$ openssl smime -encrypt -in in.txt -from steve@openssl.org \ 
	-to someone@somewhere -subject "Encrypted message" \ 
	-des3 -out mail.msg user.pem
Sign and encrypt mail: 
$ openssl smime -sign -in ml.txt -signer my.pem -text | \ 
	openssl smime -encrypt -out mail.msg \ 
	-from steve@openssl.org -to someone@somewhere \ 
	-subject "Signed and Encrypted message" -des3 user.pem
Note: The encryption command does not include the -text option because the message being encrypted already has MIME headers.
Decrypt mail: 
$ openssl smime -decrypt -in mail.msg -recip mycert.pem \ 
	-inkey key.pem"
The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the signature by line wrapping the base64-encoded structure and surrounding it with: 
-----BEGIN PKCS7----- 
-----END PKCS7-----
and using the command: 
$ openssl smime -verify -inform PEM -in signature.pem \ 
	-content content.txt
Alternatively, you can base64 decode the signature and use: 
$ openssl smime -verify -inform DER -in signature.der \ 
	-content content.txt
Create an encrypted message using 128-bit AES: 
openssl smime -encrypt -in plain.txt -aes128 \ 
	-out mail.msg cert.pem
Add a signer to an existing message: 
openssl smime -resign -in mail.msg -signer newsign.pem \ 
	-out mail2.msg

The MIME parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've thrown at it, but it may choke on others.
The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct encryption certificate.
Ideally, a database should be maintained of a certificate for each email address.
The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. This means the user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those.
No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate.
The current code can only handle S/MIME v2 messages; the more complex S/MIME v3 structures may cause parsing errors.

The use of multiple -signer options and the -resign command were first added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.

openssl speed [
aes
] [
aes-128-cbc
] [
aes-192-cbc
] [
aes-256-cbc
] [
blowfish
] [
bf-cbc
] [
cast
] [
cast-cbc
] [
des
] [
des-cbc
] [
des-ede3
] [
dsa
] [
dsa512
] [
dsa1024
] [
dsa2048
] [
hmac
] [
md2
] [
md4
] [
md5
] [
rc2
] [
rc2-cbc
] [
rc4
] [
rmd160
] [
rsa
] [
rsa512
] [
rsa1024
] [
rsa2048
] [
rsa4096
] [
sha1
] [
-decrypt
] [
-elapsed
] [
-engine id
] [
-evp e
] [
-mr
] [
-multi number
]
The speed command is used to test the performance of cryptographic algorithms.
 
 
[zero or more test algorithms]
If any options are given, speed tests those algorithms, otherwise all of the above are tested.
 
 
Time decryption instead of encryption (only EVP).
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause speed to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Measure time in real time instead of CPU user time.
 
 
e
Use EVP e.
 
 
Produce machine readable output.
 
 
number
Run number benchmarks in parallel.

openssl ts -query [
-md4 | -md5 | -ripemd160 | -sha | -sha1
] [
-cert
] [
-config configfile
] [
-data file_to_hash
] [
-digest digest_bytes
] [
-in request.tsq
] [
-no_nonce
] [
-out request.tsq
] [
-policy object_id
] [
-rand file:file
] [
-text
]

openssl ts -reply [
-chain certs_file.pem
] [
-config configfile
] [
-engine id
] [
-in response.tsr
] [
-inkey private.pem
] [
-out response.tsr
] [
-passin arg
] [
-policy object_id
] [
-queryfile request.tsq
] [
-section tsa_section
] [
-signer tsa_cert.pem
] [
-text
] [
-token_in
] [
-token_out
]

openssl ts -verify [
-CAfile trusted_certs.pem
] [
-CApath trusted_cert_path
] [
-data file_to_hash
] [
-digest digest_bytes
] [
-in response.tsr
] [
-queryfile request.tsq
] [
-token_in
] [
-untrusted cert_file.pem
]
The ts command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (TSA) client and server application as specified in RFC 3161 (Time-Stamp Protocol, TSP). A TSA can be part of a PKI deployment and its role is to provide long term proof of the existence of a certain datum before a particular time. Here is a brief description of the protocol:
  1. The TSA client computes a one-way hash value for a data file and sends the hash to the TSA.
  2. The TSA attaches the current date and time to the received hash value, signs them and sends the time stamp token back to the client. By creating this token the TSA certifies the existence of the original data file at the time of response generation.
  3. The TSA client receives the time stamp token and verifies the signature on it. It also checks if the token contains the same hash value that it had sent to the TSA.
There is one DER-encoded protocol data unit defined for transporting a time stamp request to the TSA and one for sending the time stamp response back to the client. The ts command has three main functions: creating a time stamp request based on a data file; creating a time stamp response based on a request; and verifying if a response corresponds to a particular request or a data file.
There is no support for sending the requests/responses automatically over HTTP or TCP yet as suggested in RFC 3161. Users must send the requests either by FTP or email.
The -query switch can be used for creating and printing a time stamp request with the following options:
 
 
The TSA is expected to include its signing certificate in the response.
 
 
configfile
The configuration file to use. This option overrides the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable. Only the OID section of the config file is used with the -query command.
 
 
file_to_hash
The data file for which the time stamp request needs to be created. stdin is the default if neither the -data nor the -digest option is specified.
 
 
digest_bytes
It is possible to specify the message imprint explicitly without the data file. The imprint must be specified in a hexadecimal format, two characters per byte, the bytes optionally separated by colons (e.g. 1A:F6:01:... or 1AF601...). The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm in use.
 
 
request.tsq
This option specifies a previously created time stamp request in DER format that will be printed into the output file. Useful when you need to examine the content of a request in human-readable format.
 
 
The message digest to apply to the data file. It supports all the message digest algorithms that are supported by the dgst command. The default is SHA-1.
 
 
No nonce is specified in the request if this option is given. Otherwise a 64-bit long pseudo-random none is included in the request. It is recommended to use nonce to protect against replay-attacks.
 
 
request.tsq
Name of the output file to which the request will be written. The default is stdout.
 
 
object_id
The policy that the client expects the TSA to use for creating the time stamp token. Either the dotted OID notation or OID names defined in the config file can be used. If no policy is requested the TSA will use its own default policy.
 
 
file:file
The files containing random data for seeding the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified. The separator is ‘;’ for MS-Windows; ‘,’ for VMS; and ‘:’ for all other platforms.
 
 
If this option is specified the output is in human-readable text format instead of DER.
A time stamp response (TimeStampResp) consists of a response status and the time stamp token itself (ContentInfo), if the token generation was successful. The -reply command is for creating a time stamp response or time stamp token based on a request and printing the response/token in human-readable format. If -token_out is not specified the output is always a time stamp response (TimeStampResp), otherwise it is a time stamp token (ContentInfo).
 
 
certs_file.pem
The collection of certificates, in PEM format, that will be included in the response in addition to the signer certificate if the -cert option was used for the request. This file is supposed to contain the certificate chain for the signer certificate from its issuer upwards. The -reply command does not build a certificate chain automatically.
 
 
configfile
The configuration file to use. This option overrides the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable. See TS CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS for configurable variables.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause ts to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
response.tsr
Specifies a previously created time stamp response or time stamp token, if -token_in is also specified, in DER format that will be written to the output file. This option does not require a request; it is useful, for example, when you need to examine the content of a response or token or you want to extract the time stamp token from a response. If the input is a token and the output is a time stamp response a default “granted” status info is added to the token.
 
 
private.pem
The signer private key of the TSA in PEM format. Overrides the signer_key config file option.
 
 
response.tsr
The response is written to this file. The format and content of the file depends on other options (see -text and -token_out). The default is stdout.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
object_id
The default policy to use for the response unless the client explicitly requires a particular TSA policy. The OID can be specified either in dotted notation or with its name. Overrides the default_policy config file option.
 
 
request.tsq
The name of the file containing a DER-encoded time stamp request.
 
 
tsa_section
The name of the config file section containing the settings for the response generation. If not specified the default TSA section is used; see TS CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS for details.
 
 
tsa_cert.pem
The signer certificate of the TSA in PEM format. The TSA signing certificate must have exactly one extended key usage assigned to it: timeStamping. The extended key usage must also be critical, otherwise the certificate is going to be refused. Overrides the signer_cert variable of the config file.
 
 
If this option is specified the output is human-readable text format instead of DER.
 
 
This flag can be used together with the -in option and indicates that the input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
 
 
The output is a time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
The -verify command is for verifying if a time stamp response or time stamp token is valid and matches a particular time stamp request or data file. The -verify command does not use the configuration file.
 
 
trusted_certs.pem
The name of the file containing a set of trusted self-signed CA certificates in PEM format. See the similar option of verify for additional details. Either this option or -CApath must be specified.
 
 
trusted_cert_path
The name of the directory containing the trused CA certificates of the client. See the similar option of verify for additional details. Either this option or -CAfile must be specified.
 
 
file_to_hash
The response or token must be verified against file_to_hash. The file is hashed with the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The -digest and -queryfile options must not be specified with this one.
 
 
digest_bytes
The response or token must be verified against the message digest specified with this option. The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The -data and -queryfile options must not be specified with this one.
 
 
response.tsr
The time stamp response that needs to be verified, in DER format. This option in mandatory.
 
 
request.tsq
The original time stamp request, in DER format. The -data and -digest options must not be specified with this one.
 
 
This flag can be used together with the -in option and indicates that the input is a DER-encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp).
 
 
cert_file.pem
Set of additional untrusted certificates in PEM format which may be needed when building the certificate chain for the TSA's signing certificate. This file must contain the TSA signing certificate and all intermediate CA certificates unless the response includes them.

The -query and -reply options make use of a configuration file defined by the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable. The -query option uses only the symbolic OID names section and it can work without it. However, the -reply option needs the config file for its operation.
When there is a command line switch equivalent of a variable the switch always overrides the settings in the config file.
 
 
section, default_tsa
This is the main section and it specifies the name of another section that contains all the options for the -reply option. This default section can be overridden with the -section command line switch.
 
 
See ca for a description.
 
 
See ca for a description.
 
 
See ca for a description.
 
 
The name of the file containing the hexadecimal serial number of the last time stamp response created. This number is incremented by 1 for each response. If the file does not exist at the time of response generation a new file is created with serial number 1. This parameter is mandatory.
 
 
Specifies the OpenSSL engine that will be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
TSA signing certificate, in PEM format. The same as the -signer command line option.
 
 
A file containing a set of PEM-encoded certificates that need to be included in the response. The same as the -chain command line option.
 
 
The private key of the TSA, in PEM format. The same as the -inkey command line option.
 
 
The default policy to use when the request does not mandate any policy. The same as the -policy command line option.
 
 
Comma separated list of policies that are also acceptable by the TSA and used only if the request explicitly specifies one of them.
 
 
The list of message digest algorithms that the TSA accepts. At least one algorithm must be specified. This parameter is mandatory.
 
 
The accuracy of the time source of the TSA in seconds, milliseconds and microseconds. For example, secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100. If any of the components is missing, zero is assumed for that field.
 
 
Specifies the maximum number of digits, which represent the fraction of seconds, that need to be included in the time field. The trailing zeroes must be removed from the time, so there might actually be fewer digits, or no fraction of seconds at all. The maximum value is 6; the default is 0.
 
 
If this option is yes, the responses generated by this TSA can always be ordered, even if the time difference between two responses is less than the sum of their accuracies. The default is no.
 
 
Set this option to yes if the subject name of the TSA must be included in the TSA name field of the response. The default is no.
 
 
The SignedData objects created by the TSA always contain the certificate identifier of the signing certificate in a signed attribute (see RFC 2634, Enhanced Security Services). If this option is set to yes and either the certs variable or the -chain option is specified then the certificate identifiers of the chain will also be included in the SigningCertificate signed attribute. If this variable is set to no, only the signing certificate identifier is included. The default is no.

OPENSSL_CONF contains the path of the configuration file and can be overridden by the -config command line option.

All the examples below presume that OPENSSL_CONF is set to a proper configuration file, e.g. the example configuration file openssl/apps/openssl.cnf will do.
To create a time stamp request for design1.txt with SHA-1 without nonce and policy and no certificate is required in the response: 
$ openssl ts -query -data design1.txt -no_nonce \ 
	-out design1.tsq
To create a similar time stamp request but specifying the message imprint explicitly: 
$ openssl ts -query \ 
	-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \ 
	-no_nonce -out design1.tsq
To print the content of the previous request in human readable format: 
$ openssl ts -query -in design1.tsq -text
To create a time stamp request which includes the MD5 digest of design2.txt, requests the signer certificate and nonce, specifies a policy ID (assuming the tsa_policy1 name is defined in the OID section of the config file): 
$ openssl ts -query -data design2.txt -md5 \ 
	-policy tsa_policy1 -cert -out design2.tsq
Before generating a response, a signing certificate must be created for the TSA that contains the timeStamping critical extended key usage extension without any other key usage extensions. You can add the “extendedKeyUsage = critical,timeStamping” line to the user certificate section of the config file to generate a proper certificate. See the req, ca, and x509 commands for instructions. The examples below assume that cacert.pem contains the certificate of the CA, tsacert.pem is the signing certificate issued by cacert.pem and tsakey.pem is the private key of the TSA.
To create a time stamp response for a request: 
$ openssl ts -reply -queryfile design1.tsq -inkey tsakey.pem \ 
	-signer tsacert.pem -out design1.tsr
If you want to use the settings in the config file you could just write: 
$ openssl ts -reply -queryfile design1.tsq -out design1.tsr
To print a time stamp reply to stdout in human readable format: 
$ openssl ts -reply -in design1.tsr -text
To create a time stamp token instead of time stamp response: 
$ openssl ts -reply -queryfile design1.tsq \ 
	-out design1_token.der -token_out
To print a time stamp token to stdout in human readable format: 
$ openssl ts -reply -in design1_token.der -token_in \ 
	-text -token_out
To extract the time stamp token from a response: 
$ openssl ts -reply -in design1.tsr -out design1_token.der \ 
	-token_out
To add “granted” status info to a time stamp token thereby creating a valid response: 
$ openssl ts -reply -in design1_token.der \ 
	-token_in -out design1.tsr
To verify a time stamp reply against a request: 
$ openssl ts -verify -queryfile design1.tsq -in design1.tsr \ 
	-CAfile cacert.pem -untrusted tsacert.pem
To verify a time stamp reply that includes the certificate chain: 
$ openssl ts -verify -queryfile design2.tsq -in design2.tsr \ 
	-CAfile cacert.pem
To verify a time stamp token against the original data file: 
$ openssl ts -verify -data design2.txt -in design2.tsr \ 
	-CAfile cacert.pem
To verify a time stamp token against a message imprint: 
$ openssl ts -verify \ 
	-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \ 
	-in design2.tsr -CAfile cacert.pem

No support for time stamps over SMTP, though it is quite easy to implement an automatic email-based TSA with procmail and perl(1). HTTP server support is provided in the form of a separate httpd(8) module. Pure TCP/IP is not supported.
The file containing the last serial number of the TSA is not locked when being read or written. This is a problem if more than one instance of OpenSSL is trying to create a time stamp response at the same time. This is not an issue when using the httpd(8) server module, which does proper locking.
Look for the FIXME word in the source files.
The source code should really be reviewed by somebody else, too.
More testing is needed.

Zoltan Glozik <zglozik@opentsa.org>, OpenTSA project (http://www.opentsa.org).

openssl spkac [
-challenge string
] [
-engine id
] [
-in file
] [
-key keyfile
] [
-noout
] [
-out file
] [
-passin arg
] [
-pubkey
] [
-spkac spkacname
] [
-spksect section
] [
-verify
]
The spkac command processes Netscape signed public key and challenge (SPKAC) files. It can print out their contents, verify the signature, and produce its own SPKACs from a supplied private key.
The options are as follows:
 
 
string
Specifies the challenge string if an SPKAC is being created.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause spkac to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read from, or standard input if this option is not specified. Ignored if the -key option is used.
 
 
keyfile
Create an SPKAC file using the private key in keyfile. The -in, -noout, -spksect, and -verify options are ignored if present.
 
 
Don't output the text version of the SPKAC (not used if an SPKAC is being created).
 
 
file
Specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.
 
 
Output the public key of an SPKAC (not used if an SPKAC is being created).
 
 
spkacname
Allows an alternative name for the variable containing the SPKAC. The default is "SPKAC". This option affects both generated and input SPKAC files.
 
 
section
Allows an alternative name for the section containing the SPKAC. The default is the default section.
 
 
Verifies the digital signature on the supplied SPKAC.

Print out the contents of an SPKAC:
$ openssl spkac -in spkac.cnf
Verify the signature of an SPKAC:
$ openssl spkac -in spkac.cnf -noout -verify
Create an SPKAC using the challenge string “hello”:
$ openssl spkac -key key.pem -challenge hello -out spkac.cnf
Example of an SPKAC, (long lines split up for clarity): 
SPKAC=MIG5MGUwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEA1cCoq2Wa3Ixs47uI7F\ 
PVwHVIPDx5yso105Y6zpozam135a8R0CpoRvkkigIyXfcCjiVi5oWk+6FfPaD03u\ 
PFoQIDAQABFgVoZWxsbzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFAANBAFpQtY/FojdwkJh1bEIYuc\ 
2EeM2KHTWPEepWYeawvHD0gQ3DngSC75YCWnnDdq+NQ3F+X4deMx9AaEglZtULwV\ 
4=

A created SPKAC with suitable DN components appended can be fed into the ca utility.
SPKACs are typically generated by Netscape when a form is submitted containing the KEYGEN tag as part of the certificate enrollment process.
The challenge string permits a primitive form of proof of possession of private key. By checking the SPKAC signature and a random challenge string, some guarantee is given that the user knows the private key corresponding to the public key being certified. This is important in some applications. Without this it is possible for a previous SPKAC to be used in a “replay attack”.

openssl verify [
-CAfile file
] [
-CApath directory
] [
-check_ss_sig
] [
-crl_check
] [
-crl_check_all
] [
-engine id
] [
-explicit_policy
] [
-extended_crl
] [
-help
] [
-ignore_critical
] [
-inhibit_any
] [
-inhibit_map
] [
-issuer_checks
] [
-policy_check
] [
-purpose purpose
] [
-untrusted file
] [
-verbose
] [
-x509_strict
] [
-
] [
certificates
]
The verify command verifies certificate chains.
The options are as follows:
 
 
Verify the signature on the self-signed root CA. This is disabled by default because it doesn't add any security.
 
 
file
A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in PEM format, concatenated together.
 
 
directory
A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names of the form hash.0, or have symbolic links to them of this form ("hash" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the -hash option of the x509 utility). Under UNIX, the c_rehash script will automatically create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
 
 
Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid CRL. If a valid CRL cannot be found an error occurs.
 
 
Checks the validity of all certificates in the chain by attempting to look up valid CRLs.
 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause verify to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see RFC 3280 et al).
 
 
Enable extended CRL features such as indirect CRLs and alternate CRL signing keys.
 
 
Prints out a usage message.
 
 
Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not supported by OpenSSL, the certificate is rejected (as required by RFC 3280 et al). If this option is set, critical extensions are ignored.
 
 
Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see RFC 3280 et al).
 
 
Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see RFC 3280 et al).
 
 
Print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate of the current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer certificate was rejected. However the presence of rejection messages does not itself imply that anything is wrong: during the normal verify process several rejections may take place.
 
 
Enables certificate policy processing.
 
 
purpose
The intended use for the certificate. Without this option no chain verification will be done. Currently accepted uses are sslclient, sslserver, nssslserver, smimesign, smimeencrypt, crlsign, any, and ocsphelper. See the VERIFY OPERATION section for more information.
 
 
file
A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates.
 
 
Print extra information about the operations being performed.
 
 
Disable workarounds for broken certificates which have to be disabled for strict X.509 compliance.
 
 
-
Marks the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins with a ‘-’.
 
 
certificates
One or more certificates to verify. If no certificate files are included, an attempt is made to read a certificate from standard input. They should all be in PEM format.

The verify program uses the same functions as the internal SSL and S/MIME verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations too.
There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed by the verify program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue after an error, whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be determined.
The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps:
Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate and ending in the root CA. It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuer's certificate of the current certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer, it is assumed to be the root CA.
The process of “looking up the issuer's certificate” itself involves a number of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be the issuer's certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer; in addition the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit certificate signing.
The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root CA is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to verify is a root certificate, then an exact match must be found in the trusted list.
The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for consistency with the supplied purpose. If the -purpose option is not included, then no checks are done. The supplied or “leaf” certificate must have extensions compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid CA certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in the X.509 CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS section below.
The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root CA. The root CA should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL, a certificate with no trust settings is considered to be valid for all purposes.
The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this point.
If all operations complete successfully, the certificate is considered valid. If any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.

When a verify operation fails, the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The general form of the error message is: 
 server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024-bit) 
 error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified, followed by the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number and the depth. The depth is the number of the certificate being verified when a problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself, then 1 for the CA that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version of the error number is presented.
An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below; this also includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file ⟨openssl/x509_vfy.h⟩. Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described as “unused”.
 
 
0 X509_V_OK: ok
The operation was successful.
 
 
2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate
The issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
 
 
3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate CRL
The CRL of a certificate could not be found.
 
 
4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature
The certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. This is only meaningful for RSA keys.
 
 
5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature
The CRL signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused.
 
 
6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key
The public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
 
 
7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
 
 
8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
 
 
9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid
The certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time.
 
 
10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired
The certificate has expired; that is, the notAfter date is before the current time.
 
 
11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid
The CRL is not yet valid.
 
 
12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired
The CRL has expired.
 
 
13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field
The certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
 
 
14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field
The certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
 
 
15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field
The CRL lastUpdate field contains an invalid time.
 
 
16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field
The CRL nextUpdate field contains an invalid time.
 
 
17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory
An error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
 
 
18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate
The passed certificate is self-signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of trusted certificates.
 
 
19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain
The certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not be found locally.
 
 
20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate
The issuer certificate of a locally looked up certificate could not be found. This normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
 
 
21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate
No signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not self-signed.
 
 
22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long
The certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused.
 
 
23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked
The certificate has been revoked.
 
 
24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate
A CA certificate is invalid. Either it is not a CA or its extensions are not consistent with the supplied purpose.
 
 
25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded
The basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
 
 
26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose
The supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
 
 
27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted
The root CA is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
 
 
28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected
The root CA is marked to reject the specified purpose.
 
 
29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when the -issuer_checks option is set.
 
 
30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current certificate. Only displayed when the -issuer_checks option is set.
 
 
31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name and serial number were present and did not match the authority key identifier of the current certificate. Only displayed when the -issuer_checks option is set.
 
 
32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing
The current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension does not permit certificate signing.
 
 
50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure
An application specific error. Unused.

Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old technique, they still suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP API. One consequence of this is that trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the -CAfile option) or a directory (as specified by -CApath). If they occur in both, only the certificates in the file will be recognised.
Previous versions of OpenSSL assumed certificates with matching subject name were identical and mishandled them.

openssl version [
-abdfopv
]
The version command is used to print out version information about OpenSSL.
The options are as follows:
 
 
All information: this is the same as setting all the other flags.
 
 
The date the current version of OpenSSL was built.
 
 
setting.
 
 
Compilation flags.
 
 
Option information: various options set when the library was built.
 
 
Platform setting.
 
 
The current OpenSSL version.

The output of openssl version -a would typically be used when sending in a bug report.

The -d option was added in OpenSSL 0.9.7.

openssl x509 [
-C
] [
-addreject arg
] [
-addtrust arg
] [
-alias
] [
-CA file
] [
-CAcreateserial
] [
-CAform DER | PEM
] [
-CAkey file
] [
-CAkeyform DER | PEM
] [
-CAserial file
] [
-certopt option
] [
-checkend arg
] [
-clrext
] [
-clrreject
] [
-clrtrust
] [
-dates
] [
-days arg
] [
-email
] [
-enddate
] [
-engine id
] [
-extensions section
] [
-extfile file
] [
-fingerprint
] [
-hash
] [
-in file
] [
-inform DER | NET | PEM
] [
-issuer
] [
-issuer_hash
] [
-issuer_hash_old
] [
-keyform DER | PEM
] [
-md2 | -md5 | -sha1
] [
-modulus
] [
-nameopt option
] [
-noout
] [
-ocsp_uri
] [
-ocspid
] [
-out file
] [
-outform DER | NET | PEM
] [
-passin arg
] [
-pubkey
] [
-purpose
] [
-req
] [
-serial
] [
-set_serial n
] [
-setalias arg
] [
-signkey file
] [
-startdate
] [
-subject
] [
-subject_hash
] [
-subject_hash_old
] [
-text
] [
-trustout
] [
-x509toreq
]
The x509 command is a multi-purpose certificate utility. It can be used to display certificate information, convert certificates to various forms, sign certificate requests like a “mini CA”, or edit certificate trust settings.
Since there are a large number of options, they are split up into various sections.

 
 
id
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause x509 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
 
 
file
This specifies the input file to read a certificate from, or standard input if this option is not specified.
 
 
DER | NET | PEM
This specifies the input format. Normally, the command will expect an X.509 certificate, but this can change if other options such as -req are present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate and PEM is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and footer lines added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now obsolete.
 
 
| |
The digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message digest, such as the -fingerprint, -signkey, and -CA options. If not specified, MD5 is used. If the key being used to sign with is a DSA key, this option has no effect: SHA1 is always used with DSA keys.
 
 
file
This specifies the output file to write to, or standard output by default.
 
 
DER | NET | PEM
This specifies the output format; the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
 
 
arg
The key password source. For more information about the format of arg, see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section above.

Note: The -alias and -purpose options are also display options but are described in the X509 TRUST SETTINGS section.
 
 
This outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.
 
 
option
Customise the output format used with -text. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The -certopt switch may also be used more than once to set multiple options. See the X509 TEXT OPTIONS section for more information.
 
 
Prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.
 
 
Outputs the email address(es), if any.
 
 
Prints out the expiry date of the certificate; that is, the notAfter date.
 
 
Prints out the digest of the DER-encoded version of the whole certificate (see DIGEST OPTIONS).
 
 
A synonym for -subject_hash, for backwards compatibility.
 
 
Outputs the issuer name.
 
 
Outputs the “hash” of the certificate issuer name.
 
 
Outputs the “hash” of the certificate issuer name using the older algorithm as used by OpenSSL versions before 1.0.0.
 
 
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the certificate.
 
 
option
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively, the -nameopt switch may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the X509 NAME OPTIONS section for more information.
 
 
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
 
 
Outputs the OCSP responder addresses, if any.
 
 
Print OCSP hash values for the subject name and public key.
 
 
Output the public key.
 
 
Outputs the certificate serial number.
 
 
Prints out the start date of the certificate; that is, the notBefore date.
 
 
Outputs the subject name.
 
 
Outputs the “hash” of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject name.
 
 
Outputs the “hash” of the certificate subject name using the older algorithm as used by OpenSSL versions before 1.0.0.
 
 
Prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number, any extensions present, and any trust settings.

Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change.
A trusted certificate is an ordinary certificate which has several additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted and prohibited uses of the certificate and an “alias”.
Normally, when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate must be “trusted”. By default, a trusted certificate must be stored locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA is then usable for any purpose.
Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a finer control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For example, a CA may be trusted for an SSL client but not for SSL server use.
See the description of the verify utility for more information on the meaning of trust settings.
Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any certificate: not just root CAs.
 
 
arg
Adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the -addtrust option.
 
 
arg
Adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here, but currently only clientAuth (SSL client use), serverAuth (SSL server use), and emailProtection (S/MIME email) are used. Other OpenSSL applications may define additional uses.
 
 
Outputs the certificate alias, if any.
 
 
Clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.
 
 
Clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.
 
 
This option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs the results. For a more complete description, see the X.509 CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS section.
 
 
arg
Sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate to be referred to using a nickname, for example “Steve's Certificate”.
 
 
This causes x509 to output a trusted certificate. An ordinary or trusted certificate can be input, but by default an ordinary certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the -trustout option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified.

The x509 utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can thus behave like a “mini CA”.
 
 
file
Specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is present, x509 behaves like a “mini CA”. The input file is signed by the CA using this option; that is, its issuer name is set to the subject name of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CA's private key.
This option is normally combined with the -req option. Without the -req option, the input is a certificate which must be self-signed.
 
 
With this option the CA serial number file is created if it does not exist: it will contain the serial number ‘02’ and the certificate being signed will have ‘1’ as its serial number. Normally, if the -CA option is specified and the serial number file does not exist, it is an error.
 
 
DER | PEM
The format of the CA certificate file. The default is PEM.
 
 
file
Sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is not specified, it is assumed that the CA private key is present in the CA certificate file.
 
 
DER | PEM
The format of the CA private key. The default is PEM.
 
 
file
Sets the CA serial number file to use.
When the -CA option is used to sign a certificate, it uses a serial number specified in a file. This file consists of one line containing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.
The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with .srl appended. For example, if the CA certificate file is called mycacert.pem, it expects to find a serial number file called mycacert.srl.
 
 
arg
Check whether the certificate expires in the next arg seconds. If so, exit with return value 1; otherwise exit with return value 0.
 
 
Delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with the -signkey or the -CA options). Normally, all extensions are retained.
 
 
arg
Specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default is 30 days.
 
 
section
The section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not specified, the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed (default) section or the default section should contain a variable called “extensions” which contains the section to use.
 
 
file
File containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified, no extensions are added to the certificate.
 
 
DER | PEM
Specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in the -signkey option.
 
 
By default, a certificate is expected on input. With this option a certificate request is expected instead.
 
 
n
Specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with either the -signkey or -CA options. If used in conjunction with the -CA option, the serial number file (as specified by the -CAserial or -CAcreateserial options) is not used.
The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by ‘0x’). Negative serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended.
 
 
file
This option causes the input file to be self-signed using the supplied private key.
If the input file is a certificate, it sets the issuer name to the subject name (i.e. makes it self-signed), changes the public key to the supplied value, and changes the start and end dates. The start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined by the -days option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless the -clrext option is supplied.
If the input is a certificate request, a self-signed certificate is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in the request.
 
 
Converts a certificate into a certificate request. The -signkey option is used to pass the required private key.

The -nameopt command line switch determines how the subject and issuer names are displayed. If no -nameopt switch is present, the default “oneline” format is used which is compatible with previous versions of OpenSSL. Each option is described in detail below; all options can be preceded by a ‘-’ to turn the option off. Only compat, RFC2253, oneline, and multiline will normally be used.
 
 
align
Align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with sep_multiline.
 
 
compat
Use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name options at all.
 
 
dn_rev
Reverse the fields of the DN. This is required by RFC 2253. As a side effect, this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this is permissible.
 
 
dump_all
Dump all fields. This option, when used with dump_der, allows the DER encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined.
 
 
dump_der
When this option is set, any fields that need to be hexdumped will be dumped using the DER encoding of the field. Otherwise just the content octets will be displayed. Both options use the RFC 2253 #XXXX... format.
 
 
dump_nostr
Dump non-character string types (for example OCTET STRING); if this option is not set, non-character string types will be displayed as though each content octet represents a single character.
 
 
dump_unknown
Dump any field whose OID is not recognised by OpenSSL.
 
 
esc_2253
Escape the “special” characters required by RFC 2253 in a field that is “ ,+"<>;”. Additionally, ‘#’ is escaped at the beginning of a string and a space character at the beginning or end of a string.
 
 
esc_ctrl
Escape control characters. That is, those with ASCII values less than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped using the RFC 2253 \XX notation (where XX are two hex digits representing the character value).
 
 
esc_msb
Escape characters with the MSB set; that is, with ASCII values larger than 127.
 
 
multiline
A multiline format. It is equivalent to esc_ctrl, esc_msb, sep_multiline, space_eq, lname, and align.
 
 
no_type
This option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in any way. That is, their content octets are merely dumped as though one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic purposes but will result in rather odd looking output.
 
 
nofname, sname, lname, oid
These options alter how the field name is displayed. nofname does not display the field at all. sname uses the “short name” form (CN for commonName, for example). lname uses the long form. oid represents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic purpose.
 
 
oneline
A oneline format which is more readable than RFC2253. It is equivalent to specifying the esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_der, use_quote, sep_comma_plus_spc, space_eq, and sname options.
 
 
RFC2253
Displays names compatible with RFC 2253; equivalent to esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_unknown, dump_der, sep_comma_plus, dn_rev, and sname.
 
 
sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multiline
These options determine the field separators. The first character is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in “space” additionally place a space after the separator to make it more readable. The sep_multiline uses a linefeed character for the RDN separator and a spaced ‘+’ for the AVA separator. It also indents the fields by four characters.
 
 
show_type
Show the type of the ASN1 character string. The type precedes the field contents. For example “BMPSTRING: Hello World”.
 
 
space_eq
Places spaces round the ‘=’ character which follows the field name.
 
 
use_quote
Escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with ‘"’ characters. Without the option, all escaping is done with the ‘\’ character.
 
 
utf8
Convert all strings to UTF8 format first. This is required by RFC 2253. If you are lucky enough to have a UTF8 compatible terminal, the use of this option (and not setting esc_msb) may result in the correct display of multibyte (international) characters. If this option is not present, multibyte characters larger than 0xff will be represented using the format \UXXXX for 16 bits and \WXXXXXXXX for 32 bits. Also, if this option is off, any UTF8Strings will be converted to their character form first.

As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to customise the actual fields printed using the -certopt options when the -text option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields.
 
 
ca_default
The value used by the ca utility; equivalent to no_issuer, no_pubkey, no_header, no_version, no_sigdump, and no_signame.
 
 
compatible
Use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output options at all.
 
 
ext_default
Retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsupported certificate extensions.
 
 
ext_dump
Hex dump unsupported extensions.
 
 
ext_error
Print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions.
 
 
ext_parse
ASN1 parse unsupported extensions.
 
 
no_aux
Don't print out certificate trust information.
 
 
no_extensions
Don't print out any X509V3 extensions.
 
 
no_header
Don't print header information: that is, the lines saying “Certificate” and “Data”.
 
 
no_issuer
Don't print out the issuer name.
 
 
no_pubkey
Don't print out the public key.
 
 
no_serial
Don't print out the serial number.
 
 
no_sigdump
Don't give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature.
 
 
no_signame
Don't print out the signature algorithm used.
 
 
no_subject
Don't print out the subject name.
 
 
no_validity
Don't print the validity; that is, the notBefore and notAfter fields.
 
 
no_version
Don't print out the version number.

Display the contents of a certificate:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text
Display the certificate serial number:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial
Display the certificate subject name:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject
Display the certificate subject name in RFC 2253 form:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt RFC2253
Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal supporting UTF8: 
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject \ 
	-nameopt oneline,-esc_msb
Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint:
$ openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER
Convert a certificate to a certificate request: 
$ openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem \ 
	-signkey key.pem
Convert a certificate request into a self-signed certificate using extensions for a CA: 
$ openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions \ 
	v3_ca -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem
Sign a certificate request using the CA certificate above and add user certificate extensions: 
$ openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions \ 
	v3_usr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial
Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and set its alias to “Steve's Class 1 CA”: 
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust clientAuth \ 
	-setalias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem

The PEM format uses the header and footer lines: 
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
It will also handle files containing: 
-----BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE----- 
-----END X509 CERTIFICATE-----
Trusted certificates have the lines: 
-----BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE----- 
-----END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE-----
The conversion to UTF8 format used with the name options assumes that T61Strings use the ISO 8859-1 character set. This is wrong, but Netscape and MSIE do this, as do many certificates. So although this is incorrect it is more likely to display the majority of certificates correctly.
The -fingerprint option takes the digest of the DER-encoded certificate. This is commonly called a “fingerprint”. Because of the nature of message digests, the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that certificate and two certificates with the same fingerprint can be considered to be the same.
The Netscape fingerprint uses MD5, whereas MSIE uses SHA1.
The -email option searches the subject name and the subject alternative name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out: it will not print the same address more than once.

The -purpose option checks the certificate extensions and determines what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are rather complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle broken certificates and software.
The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains, so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.
The basicConstraints extension CA flag is used to determine whether the certificate can be used as a CA. If the CA flag is true, it is a CA; if the CA flag is false, it is not a CA. All CAs should have the CA flag set to true.
If the basicConstraints extension is absent, then the certificate is considered to be a “possible CA”; other extensions are checked according to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case because the certificate should really not be regarded as a CA: however, it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software.
If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and it is self-signed, it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is again given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are V1 self-signed certificates.
If the keyUsage extension is present, then additional restraints are made on the uses of the certificate. A CA certificate must have the keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.
The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or not), the key can only be used for the purposes specified.
A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to all CA certificates.
 
 
SSL Client
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “web client authentication” OID. keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL client bit set.
 
 
SSL Client CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “web client authentication” OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL CA bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.
 
 
SSL Server
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “web server authentication” and/or one of the SGC OIDs. keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature set, the keyEncipherment set, or both bits set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the SSL server bit set.
 
 
SSL Server CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “web server authentication” and/or one of the SGC OIDs. Netscape certificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.
 
 
Netscape SSL Server
For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server; it must have the keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for digital signing. Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server.
 
 
Common S/MIME Client Tests
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “email protection” OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in Netscape certificate type, then the SSL client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit.
 
 
S/MIME Signing
In addition to the common S/MIME client tests, the digitalSignature bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.
 
 
S/MIME Encryption
In addition to the common S/MIME tests, the keyEncipherment bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.
 
 
S/MIME CA
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the “email protection” OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or must have the S/MIME CA bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.
 
 
CRL Signing
The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the CRL signing bit set.
 
 
CRL Signing CA
The normal CA tests apply. Except in this case the basicConstraints extension must be present.

Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and vice versa.
It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should be checked.
There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end dates, rather than an offset from the current time.
The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the X509 TRUST SETTINGS is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended behaviour rather than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will represent reality in OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later.

Before OpenSSL 0.9.8, the default digest for RSA keys was MD5.
The hash algorithm used in the -subject_hash and -issuer_hash options before OpenSSL 1.0.0 was based on the deprecated MD5 algorithm and the encoding of the distinguished name. In OpenSSL 1.0.0 and later it is based on a canonical version of the DN using SHA1. This means that any directories using the old form must have their links rebuilt using c_rehash or similar.

/etc/ssl/
Default config directory for openssl.
/etc/ssl/lib/
Unused.
/etc/ssl/private/
Default private key directory.
/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
Default configuration file for openssl.
/etc/ssl/x509v3.cnf
Default configuration file for x509 certificates.

httpd(8), sendmail(8), ssl(8), starttls(8)

The SSL Protocol, Netscape Communications Corp., February 1995.
The SSL 3.0 Protocol, Netscape Communications Corp., November 1996.
T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, January 1999.
M. Wahl, S. Killie, and T. Howes, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names, RFC 2253, December 1997.
B. Kaliski, PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5, RFC 2315, March 1998.
R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk, and D. Solo, Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile, RFC 2459, January 1999.
M. Myers, R. Ankney, A. Malpani, S. Galperin, and C. Adams, X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol – OCSP, RFC 2560, June 1999.
R. Housley, Cryptographic Message Syntax, RFC 2630, June 1999.
P. Chown, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security(TLS), RFC 3268, June 2002.

The openssl(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2. The list-XXX-commands pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3; the no-XXX pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a; the list-XXX-algorithms pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.
July 16, 2013 OpenBSD-5.5