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NAME

strlcpy, strlcat — size-bounded string copying and concatenation

SYNOPSIS

#include <string.h>

size_t
strlcpy(char * restrict dst, const char * restrict src, size_t dstsize);

size_t
strlcat(char * restrict dst, const char * restrict src, size_t dstsize);

DESCRIPTION

The strlcpy() and strlcat() functions copy and concatenate strings with the same input parameters and output result as snprintf(3). They are designed to be safer, more consistent, and less error prone replacements for the easily misused functions strncpy(3) and strncat(3).

strlcpy() and strlcat() take the full size of the destination buffer and guarantee NUL-termination if there is room. Note that room for the NUL should be included in dstsize.

strlcpy() copies up to dstsize - 1 characters from the string src to dst, NUL-terminating the result if dstsize is not 0.

strlcat() appends string src to the end of dst. It will append at most dstsize - strlen(dst) - 1 characters. It will then NUL-terminate, unless dstsize is 0 or the original dst string was longer than dstsize (in practice this should not happen as it means that either dstsize is incorrect or that dst is not a proper string).

If the src and dst strings overlap, the behavior is undefined.

RETURN VALUES

Besides quibbles over the return type (size_t versus int) and signal handler safety (snprintf(3) is not entirely safe on some systems), the following two are equivalent:

n = strlcpy(dst, src, len);
n = snprintf(dst, len, "%s", src);

Like snprintf(3), the strlcpy() and strlcat() functions return the total length of the string they tried to create. For strlcpy() that means the length of src. For strlcat() that means the initial length of dst plus the length of src.

If the return value is >= dstsize, the output string has been truncated. It is the caller's responsibility to handle this.

EXAMPLES

The following code fragment illustrates the simple case:

char *s, *p, buf[BUFSIZ];

...

(void)strlcpy(buf, s, sizeof(buf));
(void)strlcat(buf, p, sizeof(buf));

To detect truncation, perhaps while building a pathname, something like the following might be used:

char *dir, *file, pname[PATH_MAX];

...

if (strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;
if (strlcat(pname, file, sizeof(pname)) >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;

Since it is known how many characters were copied the first time, things can be sped up a bit by using a copy instead of an append:

char *dir, *file, pname[PATH_MAX];
size_t n;

...

n = strlcpy(pname, dir, sizeof(pname));
if (n >= sizeof(pname))
	goto toolong;
if (strlcpy(pname + n, file, sizeof(pname) - n) >= sizeof(pname) - n)
	goto toolong;

However, one may question the validity of such optimizations, as they defeat the whole purpose of strlcpy() and strlcat(). As a matter of fact, the first version of this manual page got it wrong.

SEE ALSO

snprintf(3), strncat(3), strncpy(3), wcslcpy(3)

STANDARDS

The strlcat() and strlcpy() functions conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-2024 (“POSIX.1”).

HISTORY

strlcpy() and strlcat() first appeared in OpenBSD 2.4.

AUTHORS

strlcpy() and strlcat() were created by Todd C. Miller <millert@openbsd.org>.