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SECURELEVEL(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual SECURELEVEL(7)

securelevel — securelevel and its effects

The OpenBSD kernel provides four levels of system security:

-1
  • init(8) will not attempt to raise the securelevel
  • may only be set with sysctl(8) while the system is insecure
  • otherwise identical to securelevel 0
 0
  • used during bootstrapping and while the system is single-user
  • all devices may be read or written subject to their permissions
  • system file flags may be cleared with chflags(2)
 1
  • default mode when system is multi-user
  • securelevel may no longer be lowered except by init
  • /dev/mem and /dev/kmem cannot be opened
  • raw disk devices of mounted file systems are read-only
  • system immutable and append-only file flags may not be removed
  • the fs.posix.setuid, hw.allowpowerdown, kern.allowkmem, kern.utc_offset, net.inet.ip.sourceroute, and machdep.kbdreset sysctl(8) variables may not be changed
  • the ddb.console, ddb.panic, and machdep.allowaperture sysctl(8) variables may not be raised
  • gpioctl(8) may only access GPIO pins configured at system startup
 2
  • all effects of securelevel 1
  • raw disk devices are always read-only whether mounted or not
  • settimeofday(2) and clock_settime(2) may not set the time backwards or close to overflow
  • pf(4) filter and NAT rules may not be altered

Securelevel provides convenient means of “locking down” a system to a degree suited to its environment. It is normally set at boot by rc(8), or the superuser may raise securelevel at any time by modifying the kern.securelevel sysctl(8) variable. However, only init(8) may lower it once the system has entered secure mode.

Highly secure mode may seem Draconian, but is intended as a last line of defence should the superuser account be compromised. Its effects preclude circumvention of file flags by direct modification of a raw disk device, or erasure of a file system by means of newfs(8). Further, it can limit the potential damage of a compromised “firewall” by prohibiting the modification of packet filter rules. Preventing the system clock from being set backwards aids in post-mortem analysis and helps ensure the integrity of logs. Precision timekeeping is not affected because the clock may still be slowed.

Because securelevel can be modified with the in-kernel debugger ddb(4), a convenient means of locking it off (if present) is provided at securelevels 1 and 2. This is accomplished by setting ddb.console and ddb.panic to 0 with the sysctl(8) utility.

/etc/rc.securelevel
commands that run before the security level changes

init(8), rc(8), sysctl(8)

The securelevel manual page first appeared in OpenBSD 2.6.

The list of securelevel's effects may not be comprehensive.

August 21, 2019 OpenBSD-7.6