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NAME

authpf, authpf-noip — authenticating gateway user shell

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

authpf is a user shell for authenticating gateways. It is used to change pf(4) rules when a user authenticates and starts a session with sshd(8) and to undo these changes when the user's session exits. Typical use would be for a gateway that authenticates users before allowing them Internet use, or a gateway that allows different users into different places. Combined with properly set up filter rules and secure switches, authpf can be used to ensure users are held accountable for their network traffic. It is meant to be used with users who can connect via ssh(1) only, and requires the pf(4) subsystem to be enabled.

authpf-noip is a user shell which allows multiple connections to take place from the same IP address. It is useful primarily in cases where connections are tunneled via the gateway system, and can be directly associated with the user name. It cannot ensure accountability when classifying connections by IP address; in this case the client's IP address is not provided to the packet filter via the client_ip macro or the authpf_users table. Additionally, states associated with the client IP address are not purged when the session is ended.

To use either authpf or authpf-noip, the user's shell needs to be set to /usr/sbin/authpf or /usr/sbin/authpf-noip.

authpf uses the pf.conf(5) syntax to change rules for an individual user or client IP address as long as a user maintains an active ssh(1) session, and logs the successful start and end of a session to syslogd(8). authpf retrieves the client's connecting IP address via the SSH_CLIENT environment variable and, after performing additional access checks, reads a template file to determine what rules (if any) to add, and maintains the list of IP addresses of connected users in the authpf_users table. On session exit the same rules and table entries that were added at startup are removed, and all states associated with the client's IP address are purged.

Each authpf process stores its rules in a separate ruleset inside a pf(4) anchor shared by all authpf processes. By default, the anchor name "authpf" is used, and the ruleset names equal the username and PID of the authpf processes as "username(pid)". The following needs to be added to the main ruleset /etc/pf.conf in order to cause evaluation of any authpf rules:

anchor "authpf/*"

The "/*" at the end of the anchor name is required for pf(4) to process the rulesets attached to the anchor by authpf.

FILTER RULES

Filter rules for authpf use the same format described in pf.conf(5). The only difference is that these rules may (and probably should) use the macro user_ip, which is assigned the connecting IP address whenever authpf is run. Additionally, the macro user_id is assigned the user name.

Rules are stored in a file called authpf.rules. This file will first be searched for in /etc/authpf/users/$USER/, then in /etc/authpf/groups/$GROUP/ and finally in /etc/authpf/. Only the first found file will be used.

Per-user rules from the /etc/authpf/users/$USER/ directory are intended to be used when non-default rules are needed on an individual user basis. Per-group rules from the /etc/authpf/groups/$GROUP/ directory are intended to be used when non-default rules are needed on a group basis. It is important to ensure that a user cannot write or change these configuration files.

The authpf.rules file must exist in one of the above locations for authpf to run.

CONFIGURATION

Options are controlled by the /etc/authpf/authpf.conf file. If the file is empty, defaults are used for all configuration options. The file consists of pairs of the form name=value, one per line. Currently, the allowed values are as follows:

anchor=name

Use the specified anchor name instead of "authpf".

table=name

Use the specified table name instead of "authpf_users".

USER MESSAGES

On successful invocation, authpf displays a message telling the user they have been authenticated. It will additionally display the contents of the file called authpf.message. This file will first be searched for in /etc/authpf/users/$USER/ and then in /etc/authpf/. Only one of these files will be used if both are present.

There exist two methods for providing additional granularity to the control offered by authpf - it is possible to set the gateway to explicitly allow users who have authenticated to ssh(1) and deny access to only a few troublesome individuals. This is done by creating a file with the banned user's login name as the filename in /etc/authpf/banned/. The contents of this file will be displayed to a banned user, thus providing a method for informing the user that they have been banned, and where they can go and how to get there if they want to have their service restored. This is the default behaviour.

It is also possible to configure authpf to only allow specific users access. This is done by listing their login names, one per line, in /etc/authpf/authpf.allow. A group of users can also be indicated by prepending "%" to the group name, and all members of a login class can be indicated by prepending "@" to the login class name. If "*" is found on a line, then all usernames match. If authpf is unable to verify the user's permission to use the gateway, it will print a brief message and die. It should be noted that a ban takes precedence over an allow.

On failure, messages will be logged to syslogd(8) for the system administrator. The user does not see these, but will be told the system is unavailable due to technical difficulties. The contents of the file /etc/authpf/authpf.problem will also be displayed if the file exists and is readable.

CONFIGURATION ISSUES

authpf maintains the changed rules as long as the user maintains an active session. It is important to remember however, that the existence of this session means the user is authenticated. Because of this, it is important to configure sshd(8) to ensure the security of the session, and to ensure that the network through which users connect is secure. sshd(8) should be configured to use the ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax parameters to ensure that a ssh session is terminated quickly if it becomes unresponsive, or if arp or address spoofing is used to hijack the session. Note that TCP keepalives are not sufficient for this, since they are not secure. Also note that the various SSH tunnelling mechanisms, such as AllowTcpForwarding and PermitTunnel, should be disabled for authpf users to prevent them from circumventing restrictions imposed by the packet filter ruleset.

authpf will remove state table entries that were created during a user's session. This ensures that there will be no unauthenticated traffic allowed to pass after the controlling ssh(1) session has been closed.

authpf is designed for gateway machines which typically do not have regular (non-administrative) users using the machine. An administrator must remember that authpf can be used to modify the pf(4) rules through the environment in which it is run, and as such could be used to modify the rules (based on the contents of the configuration files) by regular users. In the case where a machine has regular users using it, as well as users with authpf as their shell, the regular users should be prevented from running authpf by using the /etc/authpf/authpf.allow or /etc/authpf/banned/ facilities.

authpf modifies the packet filter rules, and because of this it needs to be configured carefully. authpf will not run and will exit silently if the /etc/authpf/authpf.conf file does not exist. After considering the effect authpf may have on the main packet filter rules, the system administrator may enable authpf by creating an appropriate /etc/authpf/authpf.conf file.

EXAMPLES

Control Files - To illustrate the user-specific access control mechanisms, let us consider a typical user named bob. Normally, as long as bob can authenticate himself, the authpf program will load the appropriate rules. Enter the /etc/authpf/banned/ directory. If bob has somehow fallen from grace in the eyes of the powers-that-be, they can prohibit him from using the gateway by creating the file /etc/authpf/banned/bob containing a message about why he has been banned from using the network. Once bob has done suitable penance, his access may be restored by moving or removing the file /etc/authpf/banned/bob.

Now consider a workgroup containing alice, bob, carol and dave. They have a wireless network which they would like to protect from unauthorized use. To accomplish this, they create the file /etc/authpf/authpf.allow which lists their login ids, group prepended with "%", or login class prepended with "@", one per line. At this point, even if eve could authenticate to sshd(8), she would not be allowed to use the gateway. Adding and removing users from the work group is a simple matter of maintaining a list of allowed userids. If bob once again manages to annoy the powers-that-be, they can ban him from using the gateway by creating the familiar /etc/authpf/banned/bob file. Though bob is listed in the allow file, he is prevented from using this gateway due to the existence of a ban file.

Distributed Authentication - It is often desirable to interface with a distributed password system rather than forcing the sysadmins to keep a large number of local password files in sync. The login.conf(5) mechanism in OpenBSD can be used to fork the right shell. To make that happen, login.conf(5) should have entries that look something like this:

shell-default:shell=/bin/csh

default:\
	...
	:shell=/usr/sbin/authpf

daemon:\
	...
	:shell=/bin/csh:\
	:tc=default:

staff:\
	...
	:shell=/bin/csh:\
	:tc=default:

Using a default password file, all users will get authpf as their shell except for root who will get /bin/csh.

SSH Configuration - As stated earlier, sshd(8) must be properly configured to detect and defeat network attacks. To that end, the following options should be added to sshd_config(5):

ClientAliveInterval 15
ClientAliveCountMax 3

This ensures that unresponsive or spoofed sessions are terminated within a minute, since a hijacker should not be able to spoof ssh keepalive messages.

Banners - Once authenticated, the user is shown the contents of /etc/authpf/authpf.message. This message may be a screen-full of the appropriate use policy, the contents of /etc/motd or something as simple as the following:

This means you will be held accountable by the powers that be
for traffic originating from your machine, so please play nice.

To tell the user where to go when the system is broken, /etc/authpf/authpf.problem could contain something like this:

Sorry, there appears to be some system problem. To report this
problem so we can fix it, please phone 1-900-314-1597 or send
an email to remove@bulkmailerz.net.

Packet Filter Rules - In areas where this gateway is used to protect a wireless network (a hub with several hundred ports), the default rule set as well as the per-user rules should probably allow very few things beyond encrypted protocols like ssh(1), ssl(8), or ipsec(4). On a securely switched network, with plug-in jacks for visitors who are given authentication accounts, you might want to allow out everything. In this context, a secure switch is one that tries to prevent address table overflow attacks.

Example /etc/pf.conf:

# by default we allow internal clients to talk to us using
# ssh and use us as a dns server.
internal_if="fxp1"
gateway_addr="10.0.1.1"
block in on $internal_if from any to any
pass in quick on $internal_if proto tcp from any to $gateway_addr \
      port = ssh
pass in quick on $internal_if proto udp from any to $gateway_addr \
      port = domain
anchor "authpf/*"

For a switched, wired net - This example /etc/authpf/authpf.rules makes no real restrictions; it turns the IP address on and off, logging TCP connections.

external_if = "xl0"
internal_if = "fxp0"

pass in log quick on $internal_if proto tcp from $user_ip to any
pass in quick on $internal_if from $user_ip to any

For a wireless or shared net - This example /etc/authpf/authpf.rules could be used for an insecure network (such as a public wireless network) where we might need to be a bit more restrictive.

internal_if="fxp1"
ipsec_gw="10.2.3.4"

# rdr ftp for proxying by ftp-proxy(8)
match in on $internal_if proto tcp from $user_ip to any port 21 \
      rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 8021

# allow out ftp, ssh, www and https only, and allow user to negotiate
# ipsec with the ipsec server.
pass in log quick on $internal_if proto tcp from $user_ip to any \
      port { 21, 22, 80, 443 }
pass in quick on $internal_if proto tcp from $user_ip to any \
      port { 21, 22, 80, 443 }
pass in quick proto udp from $user_ip to $ipsec_gw port = isakmp
pass in quick proto esp from $user_ip to $ipsec_gw

Dealing with NAT - The following /etc/authpf/authpf.rules shows how to deal with NAT, using tags:

ext_if = "fxp1"
ext_addr = 129.128.11.10
int_if = "fxp0"
# nat and tag connections...
match out on $ext_if from $user_ip to any tag $user_ip nat-to $ext_addr
pass in quick on $int_if from $user_ip to any
pass out log quick on $ext_if tagged $user_ip

With the above rules added by authpf, outbound connections corresponding to each users NAT'ed connections will be logged as in the example below, where the user may be identified from the ruleset name.

# tcpdump -n -e -ttt -i pflog0
Oct 31 19:42:30.296553 rule 0.bbeck(20267).1/0(match): pass out on fxp1: \
129.128.11.10.60539 > 198.137.240.92.22: S 2131494121:2131494121(0) win \
16384 <mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK> (DF)

Using the authpf_users table - Simple authpf settings can be implemented without an anchor by just using the "authpf_users" table. For example, the following pf.conf(5) lines will give SMTP and IMAP access to logged in users:

table <authpf_users> persist
pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from <authpf_users> \
        to port { smtp imap }

It is also possible to use the "authpf_users" table in combination with anchors. For example, pf(4) processing can be sped up by looking up the anchor only for packets coming from logged in users:

table <authpf_users> persist
anchor "authpf/*" from <authpf_users>

Tunneled users - normally authpf allows only one session per client IP address. However in some cases, such as when connections are tunneled via ssh(1) or ipsec(4), the connections can be authorized based on the userid of the user instead of the client IP address. In this case it is appropriate to use authpf-noip to allow multiple users behind a NAT gateway to connect. In the /etc/authpf/authpf.rules example below, the remote user could tunnel a remote desktop session to their workstation:

internal_if="bge0"
workstation_ip="10.2.3.4"

pass out on $internal_if from (self) to $workstation_ip port 3389 \
       user $user_id

FILES

/etc/authpf/authpf.conf

 

/etc/authpf/authpf.allow

 

/etc/authpf/authpf.rules

 

/etc/authpf/authpf.message

 

/etc/authpf/authpf.problem

 

SEE ALSO

pf(4), pf.conf(5), securelevel(7), ftp-proxy(8)

HISTORY

The authpf program first appeared in OpenBSD 3.1.

BUGS

Configuration issues are tricky. The authenticating ssh(1) connection may be secured, but if the network is not secured the user may expose insecure protocols to attackers on the same network, or enable other attackers on the network to pretend to be the user by spoofing their IP address.

authpf is not designed to prevent users from denying service to other users.