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PLEDGE(2) System Calls Manual PLEDGE(2)

pledge — restrict system operations

#include <unistd.h>

int
pledge(const char *promises, const char *execpromises);

The () system call forces the current process into a restricted-service operating mode. A few subsets are available, roughly described as computation, memory management, read-write operations on file descriptors, opening of files, and networking. In general, these modes were selected by studying the operation of many programs using libc and other such interfaces, and setting promises or execpromises.

Use of () in an application will require at least some study and understanding of the interfaces called. Subsequent calls to pledge() can reduce the abilities further, but abilities can never be regained.

A process which attempts a restricted operation is killed with an uncatchable SIGABRT, delivering a core file if possible. A process currently running with pledge has state ‘p’ in ps(1) output; a process that was terminated due to a pledge violation is accounted by lastcomm(1) with the ‘P’ flag.

A promises value of "" restricts the process to the _exit(2) system call. This can be used for pure computation operating on memory shared with another process.

Passing NULL to promises or execpromises specifies to not change the current value.

Some system calls, when allowed, have restrictions applied to them:

access(2):
May check for existence of /etc/localtime.
adjtime(2):
Read-only, for ntpd(8).
chmod(2), fchmod(2), fchmodat(2), chown(2), lchown(2), fchown(2), fchownat(2), mkfifo(2), and mknod(2):
Setuid/setgid/sticky bits are ignored. The user or group cannot be changed on a file.
ioctl(2):
Only the FIONREAD, FIONBIO, FIOCLEX, and FIONCLEX operations are allowed by default. Various ioctl requests are allowed against specific file descriptors based upon the requests audio, bpf, disklabel, drm, inet, pf, route, wroute, tape, tty, video, and vmm.
mmap(2) and mprotect(2):
isn't allowed.
open(2):
May open /etc/localtime and any files below /usr/share/zoneinfo.
():
Can only reduce permissions for promises and execpromises.
sysctl(2):
A small set of read-only operations are allowed, sufficient to support: getdomainname(3), gethostname(3), getifaddrs(3), uname(3), and system sensor readings.

The promises argument is specified as a string, with space separated keywords:

stdio
The following system calls are permitted. sendto(2) is only permitted if its destination socket address is NULL. As a result, all the expected functionalities of libc stdio work.

clock_getres(2), clock_gettime(2), close(2), closefrom(2), dup(2), dup2(2), dup3(2), fchdir(2), fcntl(2), fstat(2), fsync(2), ftruncate(2), getdents(2), getdtablecount(2), getegid(2), getentropy(2), geteuid(2), getgid(2), getgroups(2), getitimer(2), getlogin(2), getpgid(2), getpgrp(2), getpid(2), getppid(2), getresgid(2), getresuid(2), getrlimit(2), getrtable(2), getsid(2), getthrid(2), gettimeofday(2), getuid(2), issetugid(2), kevent(2), kqueue(2), lseek(2), madvise(2), minherit(2), mmap(2), mprotect(2), mquery(2), munmap(2), nanosleep(2), pipe(2), pipe2(2), poll(2), pread(2), preadv(2), pwrite(2), pwritev(2), read(2), readv(2), recvfrom(2), recvmsg(2), select(2), sendmsg(2), sendsyslog(2), sendto(2), setitimer(2), shutdown(2), sigaction(2), sigprocmask(2), sigreturn(2), socketpair(2), umask(2), wait4(2), write(2), writev(2)

rpath
A number of system calls are allowed if they only cause read-only effects on the filesystem:

chdir(2), getcwd(3), openat(2), fstatat(2), faccessat(2), readlinkat(2), lstat(2), chmod(2), fchmod(2), fchmodat(2), chflags(2), chflagsat(2), chown(2), fchown(2), fchownat(2), fstat(2), getfsstat(2)

wpath
A number of system calls are allowed and may cause write-effects on the filesystem:

getcwd(3), openat(2), fstatat(2), faccessat(2), readlinkat(2), lstat(2), chmod(2), fchmod(2), fchmodat(2), chflags(2), chflagsat(2), chown(2), fchown(2), fchownat(2), fstat(2)

cpath
A number of system calls and sub-modes are allowed, which may create new files or directories in the filesystem:

rename(2), renameat(2), link(2), linkat(2), symlink(2), symlinkat(2), unlink(2), unlinkat(2), mkdir(2), mkdirat(2), rmdir(2)

dpath
A number of system calls are allowed to create special files:

mkfifo(2), mknod(2)

tmppath
A number of system calls are allowed to do operations in the /tmp directory, including create, read, or write:

lstat(2), chmod(2), chflags(2), chown(2), unlink(2), fstat(2)

inet
The following system calls are allowed to operate in the AF_INET and AF_INET6 domains (though setsockopt(2) has been substantially reduced in functionality):

socket(2), listen(2), bind(2), connect(2), accept4(2), accept(2), getpeername(2), getsockname(2), setsockopt(2), getsockopt(2)

mcast
In combination with inet give back functionality to setsockopt(2) for operating on multicast sockets.
fattr
The following system calls are allowed to make explicit changes to fields in struct stat relating to a file:

utimes(2), futimes(2), utimensat(2), futimens(2), chmod(2), fchmod(2), fchmodat(2), chflags(2), chflagsat(2), chown(2), fchownat(2), lchown(2), fchown(2), utimes(2)

chown
The chown(2) family is allowed to change the user or group on a file.
flock
File locking via fcntl(2), flock(2), lockf(3), and open(2) is allowed. No distinction is made between shared and exclusive locks. This promise is required for unlock as well as lock.
unix
The following system calls are allowed to operate in the AF_UNIX domain:

socket(2), listen(2), bind(2), connect(2), accept4(2), accept(2), getpeername(2), getsockname(2), setsockopt(2), getsockopt(2)

dns
Subsequent to a successful open(2) of /etc/resolv.conf, a few system calls become able to allow DNS network transactions:

sendto(2), recvfrom(2), socket(2), connect(2)

getpw
This allows read-only opening of files in /etc for the getpwnam(3), getgrnam(3), getgrouplist(3), and initgroups(3) family of functions. They may also need to operate in a yp(8) environment, so a successful open(2) of /var/run/ypbind.lock enables inet operations.
sendfd
Allows sending of file descriptors using sendmsg(2). File descriptors referring to directories may not be passed.
recvfd
Allows receiving of file descriptors using recvmsg(2). File descriptors referring to directories may not be passed.
tape
Allow MTIOCGET and MTIOCTOP operations against tape drives.
tty
In addition to allowing read-write operations on /dev/tty, this opens up a variety of ioctl(2) requests used by tty devices. If tty is accompanied with rpath, revoke(2) is permitted. Otherwise only the following ioctl(2) requests are permitted:

TIOCSPGRP, TIOCGETA, TIOCGPGRP, TIOCGWINSZ, TIOCSWINSZ, TIOCSBRK, TIOCCDTR, TIOCSETA, TIOCSETAW, TIOCSETAF, TIOCUCNTL

proc
Allows the following process relationship operations:

fork(2), vfork(2), kill(2), getpriority(2), setpriority(2), setrlimit(2), setpgid(2), setsid(2)

exec
Allows a process to call execve(2). Coupled with the proc promise, this allows a process to fork and execute another program. If execpromises has been previously set the new program begins with those promises, unless setuid/setgid bits are set in which case execution is blocked with EACCES. Otherwise the new program starts running without pledge active, and hopefully makes a new pledge soon.
prot_exec
Allows the use of PROT_EXEC with mmap(2) and mprotect(2).
settime
Allows the setting of system time, via the settimeofday(2), adjtime(2), and adjfreq(2) system calls.
ps
Allows enough sysctl(2) interfaces to allow inspection of processes operating on the system using programs like ps(1).
vminfo
Allows enough sysctl(2) interfaces to allow inspection of the system's virtual memory by programs like top(1) and vmstat(8).
id
Allows the following system calls which can change the rights of a process:

setuid(2), seteuid(2), setreuid(2), setresuid(2), setgid(2), setegid(2), setregid(2), setresgid(2), setgroups(2), setlogin(2), setrlimit(2), getpriority(2), setpriority(2)

pf
Allows a subset of ioctl(2) operations on the pf(4) device:

DIOCADDRULE, DIOCGETSTATUS, DIOCNATLOOK, DIOCRADDTABLES, DIOCRCLRADDRS, DIOCRCLRTABLES, DIOCRCLRTSTATS, DIOCRGETTSTATS, DIOCRSETADDRS, DIOCXBEGIN, DIOCXCOMMIT

route
Allow inspection of the routing table.
wroute
Allow changes to the routing table.
audio
Allows a subset of ioctl(2) operations on audio(4) devices (see sio_open(3) for more information):

AUDIO_GETPOS, AUDIO_GETPAR, AUDIO_SETPAR, AUDIO_START, AUDIO_STOP, AUDIO_MIXER_DEVINFO, AUDIO_MIXER_READ, AUDIO_MIXER_WRITE

video
Allows a subset of ioctl(2) operations on video(4) devices:

VIDIOC_DQBUF, VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT, VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMEINTERVALS, VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES, VIDIOC_G_CTRL, VIDIOC_G_PARM, VIDIOC_QBUF, VIDIOC_QUERYBUF, VIDIOC_QUERYCAP, VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL, VIDIOC_S_CTRL, VIDIOC_S_FMT, VIDIOC_S_PARM, VIDIOC_STREAMOFF, VIDIOC_STREAMON, VIDIOC_TRY_FMT, VIDIOC_REQBUFS

bpf
Allow BIOCGSTATS operation for statistics collection from a bpf(4) device.
unveil
Allow unveil(2) to be called.
error
Rather than killing the process upon violation, indicate error with ENOSYS.

Also when () is called with higher promises or execpromises, those changes will be ignored and return success. This is useful when a parent enforces execpromises but an execve'd child has a different idea.

Upon successful completion, the value 0 is returned; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.

pledge() will fail if:

[]
promises or execpromises points outside the process's allocated address space.
[]
promises is malformed or contains invalid keywords.
[]
This process is attempting to increase permissions.

The pledge() system call first appeared in OpenBSD 5.9.

July 17, 2020 OpenBSD-6.8