NAME
md5 —
calculate a message digest (checksum)
for a file
SYNOPSIS
md5 |
[-bcpqrtx] [-C
checklist] [-h
hashfile] [-s
string] [file ...] |
sha1 |
[-bcpqrtx] [-C
checklist] [-h
hashfile] [-s
string] [file ...] |
sha256 |
[-bcpqrtx] [-C
checklist] [-h
hashfile] [-s
string] [file ...] |
sha512 |
[-bcpqrtx] [-C
checklist] [-h
hashfile] [-s
string] [file ...] |
DESCRIPTION
These utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a message digest (checksum) of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest (a collision), or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest. The algorithm (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512) is determined by the name used to invoke the utility.
Collisions have now been produced for MD5, and are theorized for SHA-1, so their use is deprecated.
The options for use with each command are as follows:
-b- Output checksums in base64 notation, not hexadecimal.
-Cchecklist- Compare the checksum of each file against the checksums in the checklist. Any specified file that is not listed in the checklist will generate an error.
-c- If this option is specified, the file options become checklists. Each checklist should contain hash results in the normal format, which will be verified against the specified paths. Output consists of the digest used, the file name, and an OK, FAILED, or MISSING for the result of the comparison. This will validate any of the supported checksums (see cksum(1)). If no file is given, stdin is used.
-hhashfile- Place the checksum into hashfile instead of stdout.
-p- Echoes stdin to stdout and appends the checksum to stdout.
-q- Only print the checksum (quiet mode).
-r- Reverse the format of the hash algorithm output, making it match the output format used by cksum(1).
-sstring- Prints a checksum of the given string.
-t- Runs a built-in time trial. Specifying
-tmultiple times results in the number of rounds being multiplied by 10 for each additional flag. -x- Runs a built-in test script.
EXIT STATUS
These utilities exit 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
SEE ALSO
STANDARDS
R. Rivest, The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm, RFC 1321, April 1992. J. Burrows, The Secure Hash Standard, FIPS PUB 180-1.
D. Eastlake and P. Jones, US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1), RFC 3174, September 2001. Secure Hash Standard, FIPS PUB 180-2.
CAVEATS
Since collisions have been found for MD5, the use of
sha256 is recommended instead.