NAME
sa
—
print system accounting
statistics
SYNOPSIS
sa |
[-abcDdfijKklmnqrstu ]
[-v cutoff]
[file ...] |
DESCRIPTION
The sa
utility reports on, cleans up, and
generally maintains system accounting files. See
accton(8) for details on enabling system accounting.
sa
is able to condense the information in
/var/account/acct into the summary files
/var/account/savacct and
/var/account/usracct, which contain system
statistics according to command name and login ID, respectively. This
condensation is desirable because on a large system,
/var/account/acct can grow by hundreds of blocks per
day. The summary files are normally read before the accounting file, so that
reports include all available information.
If file names are supplied, they are read instead of /var/account/acct. After each file is read, if the summary files are being updated, an updated summary will be saved to disk. Only one report is printed, after the last file is processed.
The labels used in the output indicate the following, except where otherwise specified by individual options:
avio
- Average number of I/O operations per execution.
cp
- Sum of user and system time, in minutes.
cpu
- Same as
cp
. k
- CPU time averaged core usage, in 1k units.
k*sec
- CPU storage integral, in 1k-core seconds.
re
- Real time, in minutes.
s
- System time, in minutes.
tio
- Total number of I/O operations.
u
- User time, in minutes.
The options are as follows:
-a
- List all command names, including those containing unprintable characters
and those used only once. By default,
sa
places all names containing unprintable characters and those used only once under the name “***other”. -b
- If printing command statistics, sort output by the sum of user and system time divided by number of calls.
-c
- In addition to the number of calls and the user, system and real times for each command, print their percentage of the total over all commands.
-D
- If printing command statistics, sort and print by the total number of disk I/O operations.
-d
- If printing command statistics, sort by the average number of disk I/O operations. If printing user statistics, print the average number of disk I/O operations per user.
-f
- Force no interactive threshold comparison with the
-v
option. -i
- Do not read in the summary files.
-j
- Instead of the total minutes per category, give seconds per call.
-K
- If printing command statistics, print and sort by the CPU-storage integral.
-k
- If printing command statistics, sort by the CPU time average memory usage. If printing user statistics, print the CPU time average memory usage.
-l
- Separate system and user time; normally they are combined.
-m
- Print per-user statistics rather than per-command statistics.
-n
- Sort by number of calls.
-q
- Create no output other than error messages.
-r
- Reverse order of sort.
-s
- Truncate the accounting files when done and merge their data into the summary files.
-t
- For each command, report the ratio of real time to the sum of user and system CPU times. If the CPU time is too small to report, “*ignore*” appears in this field.
-u
- Superseding all other flags, for each entry in the accounting file, print the user ID, total seconds of CPU usage, total memory usage, number of I/O operations performed, and command name.
-v
cutoff- For each command used cutoff times or fewer, print the command name and await a reply from the terminal. If the reply begins with “y”, add the command to the category “**junk**”. This flag is used to strip garbage from the report.
By default, per-command statistics will be printed. The number of
calls, the total elapsed time in minutes, total CPU and user time in
minutes, average number of I/O operations, and CPU time averaged core usage
will be printed. If the -m
option is specified,
per-user statistics will be printed, including the user name, the number of
commands invoked, total CPU time used (in minutes), total number of I/O
operations, and CPU storage integral for each user. If the
-u
option is specified, the UID, user and system
time (in seconds), CPU storage integral, I/O usage, and command name will be
printed for each entry in the accounting data file.
If the -u
flag is specified, all flags
other than -q
are ignored. If the
-m
flag is specified, only the
-b
, -d
,
-i
, -k
,
-q
, and -s
flags are
honored.
FILES
- /var/account/acct
- raw accounting data file
- /var/account/savacct
- per-command accounting summary database
- /var/account/usracct
- per-user accounting summary database
EXIT STATUS
The sa
utility exits 0 on success,
and >0 if an error occurs.
SEE ALSO
HISTORY
sa
was written for NetBSD
0.9A from the specification provided by various systems' manual
pages. Its date of origin is unknown to the author.
AUTHORS
Chris G. Demetriou ⟨cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu⟩
CAVEATS
While the behavior of the options in this version of
sa
was modeled after the original version, there are
some intentional differences and undoubtedly some unintentional ones as
well. In particular, the -q
option has been added,
and the -m
option now understands more options than
it used to.
The formats of the summary files created by this version of
sa
are very different than those used by the
original version. This is not considered a problem, however, because the
accounting record format has changed as well (since user IDs are now 32
bits).
BUGS
The number of options to this program is absurd, especially considering that there's not much logic behind their lettering.
The field labels should be more consistent.
OpenBSD's VM system does not record the CPU storage integral.